Because of the sporadic occurrence of scorch and the difficulty of artificially reproducing scorch symptoms, little is known about the etiology, epidemiology, or the pathogenicity of organism(s) involved in its development (Black, 1984). Attempts to identify a predominant causal organism or transmit scorch through inoculation with various fungi and bacteria recovered from scorched iris have failed to reproduce the disease (Wadekamper, 1972).

Bald (1971) implicated the bacterium Pseudomonas gladioli pv. gladioli (Severini) as the probable cause of iris scorch. He obtained evidence of pathogenicity by inoculating wounded iris tissue with cell suspensions of the Pseudomonas bacterium. However, symptoms were less severe than those that occurred in the field under natural disease development. Rainio (1936) reported that P. marginata, synonymous with P. g. pv. gladioli, entered the iris leaf through wounds, where it caused a localized watersoaked wet rot but not the characteristic scorch symptoms.

Since the pathogenicity of P. g. pv. gladioli to rhizomatous iris is not clear, the present study was undertaken to determine if P. g. pv. gladioli could be recovered from scorched iris and to characterize the symptoms produced by inoculation of rhizomatous iris with P. g. pv. gladioli.

Even with strong academic traditions and professional autonomy, some institutions began to provide expanded professional development activities, particularly to address teaching. However, the focus was often on seminars, with the major outcome to increase the subject matter expertise of the faculty.

Starting in the late 1950s, the academic and popular literature began to reflect a developmental perspective about faculty as adult learners in addition to content experts. Erikson (1959), a leading developmental psychologist, described stages aging adults must address. Of particular interest is the tension between "generativity" and "stagnation." More in the popular vein, Sheehy (1976) wrote the best selling book Passages based at least on some scientific background, which highlighted that adults continue to learn and grow. Studies by Vaillant (1977), Levinson et a1. (1978), and Gould (1978), through interviews with adult males, further defined various developmental tasks for adult learners to address. Additionally, Gilligan (1982) provided the other gender perspective of growth and development that broadened the understanding of adult learning as learning embedded in relationships.

Statistical models for the design and analysis of experiments involving numeric or quantitative responses are generally considered “standard” statistical methods. Often, however, the relationship between these variables and quality factors such as aesthetic appeal and consumer acceptance is not clear. For subjective, qualitative response variables, standard statistical methods may not be used without modification. The purpose of this paper is to present statistical methods useful for designing and analyzing experiments to assess plant quality. We focus particularly on the use of unreplicated designs and their analysis using half-normal plots.

We selected the vineyard at the Univ. of Nebraska horticultural garden because of its availability and its history of bird damage ranging from 30% to 100% of the crop (D.H.S., unpublished). The study was conducted from 17 July through 25 Sept. 1988, and included seven grape cultivars, each with four or more plants (Table 1). Plants of the various cultivars were distributed haphazardly throughout the vineyard. Each grape bunch on all plants was tagged and visually examined before ripening occurred. Plants were individually and randomly assigned to control (no lines) or experimental groups. Each experimental plant received, separately, clear 5.4-kg test monofilament lines spaced 30 cm apart, attached horizontally and parallel between two rigid 100-cm-diameter wire hoops. The wire hoops were supported by the poles of the grape trellis. Grapes were considered to be damaged if they were either pecked or missing (Boudreau, 1972). The percentage of grapes damaged in each grape bunch was estimated every 4 to 5 days throughout the susceptible ripening period (Hothem et al., 1981) and individual bunch ratings were averaged for each plant. Cultivars were analyzed separately for treatment effects because the cultivars were known to differ with regard to fruit ripening time.

Bird damage reached 100% in all grape cultivars regardless of presence of lines, and damage within cultivars occurred at similar rates with or without lines. The mean number of days for damage to reach 100% in all plants within cultivars ranged from 12 ± 2.1 (‘Leon Millet’) to 54 ± 7.5 (‘Bath’). Comparisons between control and experimental plants for each cultivar, using an independent two-sample t test, showed no difference in the mean number of days to 50% damage (Table 1). European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), American robins (Turdus migratorious), northern orioles (Icterus galbula), and three other incidental species were observed going through the lines into plants. For example, European starlings were observed passing through the lines 32 times, 24 by flying and eight by hopping from the hoop or support pole. Most of the bird species entering through lines were flying or, to a lesser extent, hopping from a perch or the ground. Regardless of lines, damage occurred more slowly in some cultivars than others and was slowest in ‘Bath’ and ‘McCampbell’ grapes. ‘Leon Millet’ apparently was the most vulnerable to bird damage, a result possibly related to the cultivar (small, dark, sweet grapes) and the feeding habits of the bird species present, which typically damage grapes by plucking (Boudreau, 1972).

Our results differ from Knight’s (1988) observations that lines would protect grapes from bird damage. However, house sparrows (Passer domestics), the species most noted by Knight (personal communication), were not present in this study. Subsequent studies at baited sites, which included various combinations of line size, color, orientation, and spacing, have confirmed that monofilament lines effectively repel house sparrows from certain feeding sites but do not repel European starlings (Agüero, 1990). Why lines repel only certain birds is not fully understood (Pochop et al., 1990). In this study, American robins, European starlings, and northern orioles appeared to be undeterred by lines around grape plants, and grape damage was total. Further studies are needed to better understand bird response to lines and potential management implications.

Application of transgenic technology is virtually limitless. The past few years have seen a rapid increase in releases of transgenic plants. Between 1987 and 1997, 3330 permits and notifications were filed with the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture (USDA–APHIS, 1998) for release of genetically engineered organisms in the United States. Twenty-nine percent involved herbicide tolerance and 24% insect resistance. Compared with the major crop species, genetically engineered turfgrasses are uncommon. By Dec. 1998, 31 permits and notifications had been filed on creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) and two notifications on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) (USDA–APHIS, 1998). But as additional genes are identified and cloned, a myriad of traits will probably be introduced into the turfgrasses.

The first applications of transformation in turfgrasses were the incorporation of glufosinate [N,N-bis (phosphomethyl)glycine] resistance into creeping bentgrass (Lee et al., 1996; Liu et al., 1998), allowing application of a very effective nonselective herbicide to control unwanted weeds or other turfgrasses. In the future, recombinant DNA technology may be used to introduce other traits, such as insect resistance, disease resistance, and improved environmental stress tolerance.

Transformation technology may offer many economic and agronomic benefits that are difficult or impossible to achieve through traditional breeding techniques (Dale, 1993). Essential steps of recombinant DNA technology include identification of the gene of interest, its isolation (cloning), study of the gene’s function and regulation, and introduction of the gene and expression factors into cells (Marois et al., 1991). Finally, the traits must be evaluated in an agriculturally desirable genotype.

The culture of grapevines (Vitis spp.) apparently began in the Transcaucasus region, principally between the Black and Caspian seas, where the classical wine and table grape Vitis vinifera reputably originated. Greek legend attributes Dionysus with introducing the art of grape growing. Archeological discoveries demonstrate that fruits were consumed as early as the Bronze Age and fossil leaves and seeds date to the Tertiary period (Basserman-Jordan. 1923, Columbia Encyclopedia, 2002; Kirchheimer, 1938). Undoubtedly, additional archeological discoveries will add to our knowledge of ancient grape culture.

The book is divided into three parts. Part I, chapters 1 through 3, cover resin production by plants. This section starts out by defining and identifying the different types of resins based on chemical similarities and synthesis. The author thoroughly compares resins with other substances often confused with resins, i.e., latex, mucilage, gums, and differentiates them via chemical characteristics and anatomical location. This section continues by identifying all resin producing plants from monocots through woody angiosperms and gymnosperms. This listing of plants is the most exhaustive I have seen and the plants discussed are often specific to species not just genera. Appendix I and 2 reinforce this chapter by providing a complete list of all resin producing plants organized by family and genera, species and geographical distribution. This section concludes by reviewing the ultrastructure associated with resin secretion and storage. The light and scanning electron micrographs accompanying this chapter are very well done given the inherent problems with fixation and sectioning.

Part 2, chapters 4 and 5, discusses fossilized resin, i.e., amber or resinite. Chapter 4 details how resin is fossilized, its chemical structure, where it is found, and it's role in preserving DNA. Chapter 5 details the ecology of resins in relation to plant-pest interaction and the use by plants of resin as a defense system in both temperate and tropical ecosystems. Here again micrographs, black and white photos and line drawings effectively enhance this section. Suggestions for future ecological research on resins conclude the chapter.

Part 3, The Ethnobotany of Resins, is comprised of chapters 7 through 11. The first two pages are a geologic time line starting at 3 500 BC and progressing to 2000 AD Along the time line, different uses and users of resins are identified. This sets the stage for a sequential discussion of resin use through history. I found this section very interesting, particularly since many us from the late 1970s generation thought we found something new when we experimented with things like Cannabis and other plants containing resins. Here again, line drawings and color plates of people as well as plants enhance this section.

Despite the sluggish start, in the last 25 years, in the American Society of Horticultural Science's three journals (Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, HortScience, and HortTechnology) alone, there have been over 240 publications relating to the nutrition of floricultural crops. Journal such as Scientia Horticulturae, Journal of Plant Nutrition, Agrochemica, Journal of Environmental Horticulture as well as others also publish papers on this topic.Thus, the focus of this article will be on research published in ASHS journals. Even with this narrowed focus, only a sampling of the research that has occurred can be mentioned here.

Floriculture in its broadest sense involves growth and development physiology, culture, management and postharvest physiology of cut flowers, potted flowering and foliage plants, cacti and carnivorous plants, bedding plants and herbaceous perennials including forbs and geophytes. Adequate elemental content of these plants is critical at all growth stages to ensure a marketable product.

Origin
‘Concetta’ (Papconc; originator or breeder, can be used for a trademark) arose as a sport (chimera) on the floribunda rose ‘Gabriella’ (Berggren), which was a mutation of ‘Mercedes’ (R. Kordes) (Krussmann, 1981). ‘Mercedes’ is a floribunda rose from a cross of an unnamed seedling with ‘Anabell’ (Kordes) (Krussmann, 1981).

Culture
Initial propagation was from three-eye softwood stem cuttings, which rooted readily under intermittent mist. The bottom part of the stem was dipped in 0.3% 1-indole-3-butyric acid hormone powder. Over the last 8 years, repeated stem cuttings from the original sport and daughter plants have displayed stable characteristics.

Tissue culture of axillary buds was also successful, in the four years of university research and in a commercial laboratory. Tissue culture protocol followed was that of Skirvin and Chu (1981). During tissue culture, a low mutation rate (1% to 10%), specifically albino flower color, was noted.

All plants were planted in 18-liter containers in a 2 soil : 1 peat : 1 perlite mix and grown in a glass greenhouse. Each week, the plants received 20N-13P-8K fertilizer at 300 ppm N. Plants were allowed to flower continuously. New flowers formed every 5 to 8 weeks, depending on the season. Plants were cut back once a year in December.

Description
‘Concetta’ is a dense, shrubby rose with an upright growth habit. Overall height at maturity is »1 m. The general flower color is an unusual glowing orange that may appear similar to that of ‘Mercedes’. ‘Concetta’s color, however, is different and is classified as orange- orange, PMS 172 (Pantone, 1985), rather than the orange-red typical of ‘Mercedes’. Additionally, ‘Concetta’ is more floriferous, with most flowers borne singly. It is classified as a hybrid tea due to its flower shape and petalage, grows well on its own roots in the greenhouse or outside, has few thorns or prickles, and produces a superior warm-red dried flower.

The flower buds are small, initially umshaped, becoming high centered as the petals curl outward. The petals are thick, ruffled, and, on maturity, reflexed with a velvety inside and smooth outside. Petal number is usually »32 (mean of 19 flowers) with a range of 26 to 35 per bud. The flowers measure 5.0 to 6.3 cm across and have a slightly fruity fragrance.

The foliage is medium sized and compound (five to seven leaflets). It is leathery and semi- to glossy green. Each leaflet is oval, acuminate, and finely biserrate.