2024-03-28T22:28:46Z
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/do/oai/
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1000
2006-01-05T15:18:42Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
Fear and Loathing: The Modulatory Effect of Stress on Memory Formation and Its Wildlife Management Implications
Hile, Arla G.
An ongoing challenge for wildlife managers is that target species habituate to or forget about hazing, even though the animals must be somewhat stressed by the hazing. Although stress and efficient memory formation/retrieval are considered to be incompatible, research suggests that the effect of stress on memory is complex. Mild and intense stress can impair memory formation and chronic stress can disrupt memory retrieval. Intermediate stress, however, actually enhances the formation of new memories, particularly long-term memories. Unfortunately, these conclusions are based data from only a very few domesticated species under highly controlled conditions. In nature the variation in baseline stress levels of animals are caused by differences in food availability, reproductive state, social standing, and other factors. Our current understanding of the effects of natural stress and hazing on wildlife is inadequate. We need research on wild animals, particularly under field conditions to understand the interaction of natural and human produced stresses. Such knowledge will help managers fine-tune their hazing efforts to maximize the long-term benefits of keeping birds away from airfields.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/1
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1000/viewcontent/2003birdstrikearlahile.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1002
2006-01-05T15:26:04Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
Risk Analysis of High-speed Aircraft Departures Below 10,000 Feet
MacKinnon, Bruce
Sowden, Richard, (Capt.)
Kelly, Terry
This paper abridges a Canadian study that examined bird-related safety risks to aircraft climbing to 10,000 feet MSL (mean sea level) at speeds in excess of 250 kias (knots indicated airspeed). The study employed a risk-based framework to examine ornithological information, bird strike data, aircraft-certification standards, aircraft climb performance and aircraft flight profiles. Foremost among its findings, the study determined that populations of high-risk bird species are increasing, that many of these species flock at the altitudes in question, and that aircraft exposure to risk will increase in part because of projected increases in aircraft movements. Examining the appropriateness of current and proposed mitigation, the study determined that current airframe and engine certification standards do not reduce risks associated with strikes by high-risk bird species. The study also found that any potential operating-cost savings that might be achieved through increased flight speeds would be more than offset by losses incurred through bird strikes. The study predicted that higher flight speeds would increase the total number of bird strike events involving high-risk species, the number of occurrences involving major damage, and the potential for catastrophic losses. Accordingly, the study concluded that aircraft should remain restricted to speeds of 250 knots or slower below 10,000 feet MSL.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/3
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1002/viewcontent/2003birdstrikebrucemackinnon.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
aircraft departure
risk analysis
bird strike
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1008
2006-01-05T16:08:46Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
Risk-based Modeling to Develop Zoning Criteria for Land-use Near Canadian Airports
Davis, Rolph A.
Kelly, Terry
Sowden, Richard
MacKinnon, Bruce
Land development in the vicinity of airports often leads to land-use that can attract birds that are hazardous to aviation operations. For this reason, certain forms of land-use have traditionally been discouraged within prescribed distances of Canadian airports. However, this often leads to an unrealistic prohibition of land-use in the vicinity of airports located in urban settings. Furthermore, it is often unclear that the desired safety goals have been achieved. This paper describes a model that was created to assist in the development of zoning regulations for a future airport site in Canada. The framework links land-use to bird-related safety-risks and aircraft operations by categorizing the predictable relationships between: (i) different land uses found in urbanized and urbanizing settings near airports; (ii) bird species; and (iii) the different safety-risks to aircraft during various phases of flight. The latter is assessed relative to the runway approach and departure paths. Bird species are ranked to reflect the potential severity of an impact with an aircraft (using bird weight, flocking characteristics, and flight behaviours). These criteria are then employed to chart bird-related safety-risks relative to runway reference points. Each form of land-use is categorized to reflect the degree to which it attracts hazardous bird species. From this information, hazard and risk matrices have been developed and applied to the future airport setting, thereby providing risk-based guidance on appropriate land-uses that range from prohibited to acceptable. The framework has subsequently been applied to an existing Canadian airport, and is currently being adapted for national application. The framework provides a risk-based and science-based approach that offers municipalities and property owner’s flexibility in managing the risks to aviation related to their land use.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/9
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1008/viewcontent/2003birdstrikerolphdavis.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
risk-based modeling
bird strike
airport zoning
Pickering
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1004
2006-01-05T15:40:11Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
The relationship of military aircraft activity to raptors in Central Labrador
Laing, Dawn K.
Bird, David M.
Chubbs, Tony E.
Humphries, Maj. Gary
Central Labrador is a notable breeding area for Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) and Bald Eagles (Haliaetus leucocephalus). It is also the location of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization’s (NATO) Low level Training Area (LLTA) for fighter aircraft, covering an area of approximately 130,000 km2 over Labrador and north-eastern Québec. Currently, military aircraft based in Goose Bay, Labrador annually conduct 5,000-7,000 sorties and are permitted to conduct up to 18,000 per flying season (DND 1995). The interaction between the two is frequently fatal for the bird and potentially so for the aircraft and pilot. Since the early 1990s, the Department of National Defence (DND) has been monitoring Osprey and Bald Eagles populations in Labrador and north-eastern Québec, within the LLTA, as part of a long-term Environmental Mitigation Program (DND 1995, JWEL 2000). Several studies have been conducted on Bald Eagles and Osprey in Labrador, pertaining to the distribution and productivity of Osprey and Bald Eagles (Wetmore and Gillespie 1976), the diets of nesting Osprey (Chubbs and Trimper 1998) as well as the influence of low-level jet aircraft noise on the behavior of nesting Osprey (Thomas 1998, Trimper et al. 1998) in Labrador. While some literature does exist on Osprey and Bald Eagles and their activities at nest sites in Labrador (Wetmore and Gillespie 1976, DND 1995, Chubbs and Trimper 1998, Thomas 1998, Trimper et al. 1998), there is little information on a host of other key factors that must be considered when attempting to mitigate the incidence of bird-aircraft strikes. For example, the arrival and departure times from breeding sites, the raptors use of the training area typical breeding and home ranges for an active nest site, nest site fidelity, spring and fall migration routes, wintering areas, and migration flight altitudes. The purpose of this study is to track juvenile and adult Osprey and Bald Eagles from nest sites on their fall and spring migration to determine their arrival and departure dates from the LLTA. Studying raptor migration routes and timing is critical for bird strike risk assessment that is an essential information for safe flight planning.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/5
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1004/viewcontent/2003birdstrikedawnlaing.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1006
2006-01-05T16:02:22Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
A model for assessing bird strike risk at proposed new airports
Bell, Jenny
Burton, Niall H. K.
Walls, Richard
Musgrove, Andy J.
Rehfish, Mark M.
Allan, John
Wattola, George
There are many criteria which need to be assessed when carrying out site selection for new airport developments. One of those which should be assessed is prospective bird hazard and bird strike risk – unfortunately, this is rarely considered as a factor. One reason for this may be the lack of available methodology for such work. This paper presents the methodology used during a recent hazard assessment for a proposed new airport for London. The methodology builds on previously described risk assessment techniques, which were developed for operational airports. It allows an assessment of the likelihood of bird strikes to be used to assign a risk rating for all potentially hazardous species which occur around the proposed site. Additionally, a numerical comparison was conducted to assess the risk against already operating major airports in the UK. This demonstrated that the risk at the proposed new airport would probably be greater than at any other airport already operating in the UK, even with a high quality and intensive bird management programme in place.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/7
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1006/viewcontent/2003birdstrikejennybell.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1011
2006-01-05T16:23:14Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:usdaaphis
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
Are birds scared by rotating mirrors?
Seamans, Thomas W.
Barras, Scott C.
Patton, Zachary J.
Blackbirds (Icteridae) create human health and safety concerns when roosting in large numbers near airports or other urban areas. Therefore, there is considerable demand for effective nonlethal techniques to deter these birds. We tested the effectiveness of rotating mirrors (Peaceful Pyramid®) to keep blackbirds away from decoy traps. Mirrors were in place on traps for 5 consecutive days with control traps having similar a device in place but without mirrors. The total number of birds captured in traps with clear mirrors and control traps did not (P = 0.62) differ. When red mirrors were used, the total number of birds captured was lower (P = 0.01) in treated than control traps. Similar (P ≥ 0.42) numbers of brown-headed cowbirds (Molothrus ater) were caught in control or traps treated with either clear or red mirrors. Fewer (P = 0.01) common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) were captured in traps with red mirrors as compared to control traps. Under the test criteria (i.e., food and flock attractants), Peaceful Pyramids®did not reduce the number of cowbirds captured in decoy traps. However, fewer birds, specifically common grackles, were captured at traps with red mirrors; we conclude that there was at least a species-specific initial reaction to red mirrors
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/12
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1011/viewcontent/2003birdstrikethomasseamans.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
blackbirds
brown-headed cowbirds
common grackles
mirrors
Molothrus ate
Quiscalus quiscula
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1001
2006-01-05T15:21:07Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
Towards Multi-stakeholder Cooperation in Wildlife Management
Henshaw, Brian E.
Wildlife management at airports presents a myriad of challenges. Familiar to many in the field, is the outwitting of wily coyotes, the outsmarting of persistent birds and the outflanking of troublesome deer. Deterrents to barriers, dogs to pyrotechnics, habitat management to habitat removal, an array of increasingly effective measures can be used as part of integrated wildlife management programs to meet the challenge of increasing suburban wildlife populations and their interactions with air traffic. On or off the airfield, the objectives of all stakeholders will not be consistent with best management practices for wildlife management. This is increasingly likely outside of the immediate airport environment – the next front for effective wildlife management. This presentation discusses the efforts of a publicly owned Canadian regional airport (Peterborough Municipal Airport, Ontario) to manage its wildlife. This is related in the context of addressing various local, provincial and federal viewpoints, policies and regulations along the way. Provincially significant wetland habitat, provincially rare birds, locally significant plants, federally protected fish and fish habitat, a private proposal for a waste water lagoon, municipal storm water management requirements and public interest all demanded consideration.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/2
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1001/viewcontent/2003birdstrikebrianhenshaw.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1005
2019-07-31T19:41:25Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
Application of GIS Technologies to Wildlife Management at DFW Airport
Herricks, Edwin E.
Fisher, Jonathan R. B.
Kuehner, Curt
Hovan, Michael J.
As part of a continuing FAA research program in wildlife hazard assessment and management at airports, a GIS Technical Element – DFW was developed for the Wildlife Hazard Advisory System (WHAS). For the DFW GIS data layers were obtained from public sources and supplemented with airport specific information. Data themes were developed to support general analysis of wildlife habitat on the AOA and adjacent airport property, and analysis was extended to a distance of 25 miles from the airport to accommodate all aircraft in high risk airspace. Over 10,000 wildlife report records were integrated with data on birdstrikes and runway utilization. Species flight paths leading to runway conflicts were identified. AOA analyses were supplemented with regional habitat analysis and integrated with aircraft movement plots to identify potential hazards to aircraft safety. The GIS provided a foundation for the 2D and 3D visualization of wildlife hazards for DFW.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/6
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1005/viewcontent/2003birdstrikeedwinherricks.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1010
2006-01-05T16:17:02Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
GIS and Wildlife Management Activities at Airports
Gray, Shelley
Wildlife observations collected over time at a US Air Force Base (AFB) have been visually displayed through Geographic Information System (GIS) technology. By continuing to expand upon the capabilities of GIS, USDA Wildlife Services has been able to manage the Seymour Johnson AFB airfield and surrounding areas in a practical manner. A Wildlife Hazard Assessment of the AFB used GIS to clearly display the location of birds and mammals observed on the airfield. Baseline themes of natural features (i.e. rivers, woodlands, etc.) were related to wildlife observations to determine areas requiring management. Additionally, GIS has been a useful tool to educate both military personnel and the public. Routine briefings of Aircrews, Supervisors of Flying, and Crew Chiefs have been beneficial in the military environment. Discussions concerning off-base attractants between the AFB and the city of Goldsboro have been enhanced through the use of GIS. This technology allows Seymour Johnson AFB to incorporate the long-term monitoring of bird strikes, species behavior, and natural resources into a visual display that allows audiences to better understand management as it pertains to wildlife hazards on airfields.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/11
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1010/viewcontent/2003birdstrikeshelleygray.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1003
2006-01-05T15:34:08Z
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
An Automated Acoustic System to Monitor and Classify Birds
Kwan, C.
Ho, K.
Mei, G.
Li, Y.
Ren, Z.
Xu, R.
Zhao, G.
Stevenson, M.
Stanford, V.
Rochet, C.
Collisions between aircraft and birds have become an increasing concern for human health and safety. More than four hundred people and over four hundred aircraft have been lost globally in recent years, according to a FAA report. To minimize the number of birdstikes, microphone arrays have been used to monitor birds near the airport or some critical locations in the airspace. However, the range of existing arrays is only limited to a few hundred meters. Moreover, the identification performance in low signal-to-noise environment is not satisfactory. Under the support of the US Air Force, Intelligent Automation, Incorporated (IAI) and the University of Missouri at Columbia, propose a novel system to improve bird monitoring and recognition system in noisy environments. First, a microphone dish concept (microphone array with many concentric rings) is proposed that provides very directional and long range (a few thousand meters) acquisition of bird sounds, can simultaneously pick up and track sound from different directions, and the cost of the dish will be a few hundred dollars. Second, an efficient recognition algorithm is proposed which uses Hidden Markov Model (HMM) and Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM). The overall system is suitable for real-time monitoring and recognition for a large number of birds. Here we will summarize some preliminary results of our proposed method. First, we will give a brief overview of the proposed system, which consists of several major parts: microphone dish and data acquisition system, Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation, beamformer to eliminate interferences, and bird classifier. Second, we will describe a new wideband DOA estimation algorithm and provide a comparative study between estimation results using linear array and our circular array. Third, beamforming algorithm will be introduced through a comparative study between the linear array and our circular array. A new beamforming algorithm for dish array has been developed. It was found that the dish array has several key advantages over the linear array, including less ambiguity angles, more consistent performance, etc. Fourth, bird classification results using GMM method will be presented. Fifth, the development of a prototype microphone dish will be included. A dish array consisting of 64 microphone elements has been developed and used to collect sound data in laboratory and in an open space. Sixth, experimental results will be described to show the performance of the software and hardware.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/4
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1003/viewcontent/2003birdstrikechimankwan.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1007
2006-01-05T16:05:04Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:usdaaphis
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
Through a Bird’s Eye – Exploring Avian Sensory Perception
Beason, Robert C.
For too many birds their environment includes airfields and aircraft. Knowing avian sensory abilities, researchers can design experiments and develop new devices and techniques to deter birds from aircraft on and away from airfields. How birds perceive the world about them determines many choices, including foraging, predator avoidance, and flight. Most experiments to investigate the sensory abilities of birds have been developed and analyzed using only human sensory capabilities, which often differ markedly from those of birds. My objective is to review and synthesize what is known and what is unknown about avian sensory capabilities. Compared with humans, birds can distinguish more colors and detect ultraviolet and polarized light directly. Their range of auditory sensitivity is narrower than humans but some species can hear sounds at least as high pitched as humans. Their chemical sensitivity is similar to humans in most cases but varies seasonally and can approach that of rodents. Avian vestibular sensitivity appears to be similar to other vertebrates but has received little investigation. There is a great deal we do not know about avian sensory perception that we need to know to make aircraft more obvious to birds and improve the effectiveness of dispersal techniques for individual species of birds.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/8
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1007/viewcontent/2003birdstrikerobertbeason.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:birdstrike2003-1009
2006-01-05T16:20:07Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:birdstrike2003
publication:usdaaphis
publication:birdstrike
publication:icwdm
The National Wildlife Strike Database for the USA: 1990 to 2002 and Beyond
Wright, Sandra E.
Dolbeer, Richard A.
The National Wildlife Strike Database for Civil Aviation in the USA became operational in 1995 with the initiation of data entry of all strikes beginning in 1990. Since 1995, approximately 46,600 reported strikes from 1990-2002 involving civil aircraft in the USA or for USA carriers in foreign countries have been entered into the database. About 97% of the reported strikes have involved birds and 3% have been with mammals or reptiles. Over 2,000 reported strikes have indicated substantial damage to the aircraft. The database has proven to be an extremely useful source of objective information on the extent and nature of wildlife strikes for individual airports and for researchers and engineers conducting national studies. Selected records and fields of the database are now available online at http://wildlife-mitigation.tc.faa.gov for use by airport personnel, engine manufacturers, FAA officials and others. Although the database is already a powerful research and management tool, improvements are needed in the reporting procedures to make the database even more useful. First, we estimate that up to 80% of strikes with civil aircraft were not reported under the current voluntary reporting system. Furthermore, only 19,324 (43%) of the 45,340 reported bird strikes identified the bird to species group (e.g., gull or hawk) and only 9,350 (48%) of these 19,324 reports further identified the bird to species level (e.g., ring-billed gull [Larus delewarensis]). Thus, only 19% of the bird strike reports identified the bird to species. Identification of species struck is critical for prioritizing bird management activities at airports and for engineering/airworthiness studies of aircraft and engine components. To improve species identification, the Feather Laboratory at the Smithsonian Institution, through an agreement with the Federal Aviation Administration, now provides free identification of bird strike remains for civil aircraft in the USA (instructions can be found at the above website). Improvements are also needed in the reporting of other critical strike variables. For example, height above ground level at the time of the strike was not provided in 13,888 (31%) of the 45,340 bird strikes. During the past 8 years, the National Wildlife Strike Database for Civil Aviation in the USA has provided a scientific foundation for the various efforts underway to reduce the problem of bird and other wildlife strikes with aircraft. Improvements in reporting as outlined above will make the database even more powerful and useful in the years ahead.
2003-08-18T07:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/birdstrike2003/10
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/birdstrike2003/article/1009/viewcontent/2003birdstrikesandrawright.pdf
2003 Bird Strike Committee USA/Canada, 5th Joint Annual Meeting, Toronto, ONT
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Health and Protection