2024-03-29T11:09:08Z
http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/do/oai/
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:vpc21-1000
2005-11-18T18:01:49Z
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:icwdm
Coyote Attacks: An Increasing Suburban Problem
Timm, Robert M.
Baker, Rex O.
Bennett, Joe R.
Coolahan, Craig C.
Coyote attacks on humans and pets have increased within the past 5 years in California. We discuss documented occurrences of coyote aggression and attacks on people, using data from USDA Wildlife Services, the California Department of Fish & Game, and other sources. Forty-eight such attacks on children and adults were verified from 1998 through 2003, compared to 41 attacks during the period 1988 through 1997; most incidents occurred in Southern California near the suburban-wildland interface. Attack incidents are typically preceded by a sequence of increasingly bold coyote behaviors, including: nighttime coyote attacks on pets; sightings of coyotes in neighborhoods at night; sightings of coyotes in morning and evening; attacks on pets during daylight hours; attacks on pets on leashes and chasing of joggers and bicyclists; and finally, mid-day sightings of coyotes in and around children’s play areas. In suburban areas, coyotes can lose their fear of humans as a result of coming to rely on ample food resources including increased numbers of rabbits and rodents, household refuse, pet food, available water from ponds and landscape irrigation run-off, and even intentional feeding of coyotes by residents. The safe environment provided by a wildlife-loving general public, who rarely display aggression toward coyotes, is also thought to be a major contributing factor. The termination or reduction of predator management programs adjacent to some urban areas has also served to contribute to coyotes’ loss of fear of humans and to a dependency on resources in the suburban environment. Corrective action can be effective if implemented before coyote attacks on pets become common. However, if environmental modification and changes in human behavior toward coyotes are delayed, then removal of offending predators by traps or shooting is required in order to resolve the threat to human safety. We note the failure of various non-lethal harassment techniques to correct the problem in situations where coyotes have become habituated to human-provided food resources. Coyote attacks on humans in suburbia are preventable, but the long-term solution of this conflict requires public education, changes in residents’ behavior, and in some situations, the means to effectively remove individual offending animals.
2004-03-01T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc21/1
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/vpc21/article/1000/viewcontent/21vpccoyoteattackstimm2004__B.pdf
Proceedings of the Twenty-First Vertebrate Pest Conference (2004)
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Canis latrans
coyote
coyote behavior
coyote-human attacks
human safety
urban coyote
Environmental Health and Protection
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1339
2007-02-15T20:13:35Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Vulture-Cattle Interactions at a Central Florida Ranch
Humphrey, John S.
TIllman, Eric A.
Avery, Michael L.
Black vulture depredations to newborn livestock, poultry, and other captive animals have been reported from at least 15 states, and during the 1990s, reports of depredations increased annually by an average of 18%. In response to this issue, we initiated a study at Buck Island Ranch of the MacArthur Agro-Ecology Research Center in central Florida to examine interactions between cattle and vultures. Based on previous reports, we hypothesized that vulture predation selectively targets calves of young, inexperienced cows. To document vulture activity, we conducted point counts of vultures in pastures throughout the ranch from January 2000 to March 2001. During point counts, turkey vultures accounted for 78% of the observations compared to 22% for black vultures. We noted that vultures used certain pastures preferentially, with over 70% of the vultures in 3 pastures where heifers were calving and the remainder spread among 7 pastures containing yearling heifers only or cows and calves. Turkey and black vultures were often present during the 19 calving events we observed, but usually neither species exhibited threatening behavior toward calves or calving heifers. Instead, the birds seemed intent on gaining access to the afterbirth. On one occasion, however, we observed an attempted depredation by black vultures on a calf as it was being born. The cow was able to chase the buds off, however, and the birth proceeded successfully. We conclude that predation by black vultures occurs when the buds identify and then exploit vulnerable animals, although there is still much to be learned regarding the circumstances that promote such activity. b e n t management recommendations include dispersing nearby black vulture roosts and providing careful oversight to protect inexperienced cows that are first-time breeders.
2004-02-15T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/344
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1339/viewcontent/humphrey041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
bud damage
black vulture
Cathartes aura
cattle
Coragyps ahatus
livestock
predation
turkey vulture
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1341
2007-02-15T20:24:45Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Oral Rabies Vaccine (ORV) Bait Uptake by Striped Skunks: Preliminary Results
Jojola, Susan M.
Robinson, Stacie J.
VerCauteren, Kurt C.
Aerial delivery of rabies vaccine-laden bait is effective and efficient for large-scale vaccination of wildlife. Oral rabies vaccine (ORV) contained in a sachet (or blister pack) inside baits that serve as the mode of delivery currently are used for orally immunizing foxes, raccoons, and coyotes. The technique remains in the vaccine-development stage for oral immunization of skunks. Since skunks are a major vector of the rabies virus, concurrent development of a bait that is sufficiently attractive to skunks would facilitate an immediate mode of delivery once a vaccine is developed. We ran a palatability experiment with different shapes and flavors of baits to assess uptake by captive skunks. The flavors most preferred were fish and chicken. We also evaluated the fate of the sachet (punctured or not) inside baits, which would assist in assessing the delivery of a vaccine dose. On average, cylindrical-shaped baits had a higher percentage of punctured sachets than did rectangular-shaped baits, and baits with their matrix directly coated onto the sachet had a higher percentage of punctured sachets than did those baits in which the sachet was "held." We also used sulfadimethoxine, a short-term quantifiable biomarker, as a mock vaccine inside sachets in an attempt to quantify the amount of liquid ingested by skunks after consuming baits of different shape and size. While this information could have been useful for assessing the amount of vaccine delivered via sachet puncture, it could not be determined due to an aversive tasting biomarker. For effective ORV bait uptake by skunks, modifications to current baits should include a smaller size and a meat flavor matrix that is directly coated onto the sachet.
2004-02-15T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/346
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1341/viewcontent/jojola041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
bait consumption
Mephitis mephitis
oral rabies vaccine
ORV
palatability
rabies
skunk
uptake
vaccine
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1353
2007-02-15T21:17:26Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots as a Dual-Purpose Wildlife Management Strategy
Linz, George M.
Schaaf, Dionn A.
Mastrangelo, Philip
Homan, H. Jeffrey
Penry, Linda B.
Bleier, William J.
The National Sunflower Association has identified blackbird damage as a key reason for growers to abandon sunflower. In the 1980s, National Wildlife Research Center scientists showed that "decoy" p1antings of sunflower can significantly reduce bird damage to nearby commercial sunflower fields. For a variety of reasons, largely logistical and economic in nature, decoy sunflower fields did not become wide-spread. Over the last decade, new federal farm programs have placed more emphasis on wildlife conservation. Thus, decoy sunflower fields planted to ameliorate blackbird damage and establish habitat for wildlife might gamer broad support from both agricultural and conservation groups. We present preliminary data on avian use of ripening sunflower fields that support the notion of "Wildlife Conservation Sunflower Plots" (WCSP) as a broad-based dual-purpose wildlife management strategy. We also outline research plans designed to refine the concept of WCSP.
2004-02-15T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/358
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1353/viewcontent/linz0410.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1362
2007-02-16T16:09:00Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
West Nile Virus: Impact on Crow Populations in the United States
McLean, Robert G.
Since the introduction of the mosquito-borne West Nile Virus (WNV) into New York City (NYC) in 1999, it has expanded westward across the North American continent in an unprecedented fashion, taking in its wake hundreds of thousands and possibly millions of native and exotic birds. Corvid species, particularly the American crow, are particularly susceptible to this virulent strain of virus and have died dramatically during the summer virus transmission season. Experimental studies have shown that the fatality rate from WNV infection in American crows is nearly 100%. This mortality in crows and other corvids was used as a sensitive sentinel system to detect the presence and movement of the virus through a public reporting and laboratory testing national surveillance program. Crows were also the earliest indicator of virus activity in the majority of locations and were a useful predictor of human cases. Bud mortality from WNV peaks during August-September at the height of the mosquito-transmission period but extends from April to November each year in some states. An impact of WNV on local populations of crows was observed in some localities such as the NYC area, but no significant declines have been detected yet by the regional population trend data. The geographical distribution of WNV activity is not continuous across local landscapes and unexposed crows can then serve as a source to repopulate affected areas when overall populations are high. If WNV transmission continues for years with regular mortality, the resiliency of the regional crow populations to sustain this high mortality rate will diminish.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/367
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1362/viewcontent/mclean041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
American crow
bird mortality
Corvus brachyrhynchos
crow
surveillance
United States
West Nile virus
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1369
2007-02-16T16:49:39Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Effects of Forage Nutritional Quality (Energy and Protein) on Deer Acceptance of Foods Containing Secondary Metabolites
Nolte, Dale L.
Kimball, Bruce A.
Perry, Kelly R.
Villalba, Juan J.
Provenza, Frederick D.
Deer foraging on tree seedlings is recognized as the most widespread detriment to reforestation efforts. Non-lethal approaches to reduce deer damage to seedlings are highly desirable. Avoidance of natural secondary metabolites contained in conifers may provide feasible means to develop non-lethal measures. Other studies have demonstrated that sheep and goats fed diets with high protein-to-energy ratios, or allowed to select between concentrates high in either energy or protein, ate much more of a high-terpene diet and of a high-tannin diet than when they were fed diets high in energy-to-protein ratios. Thus, manipulating foraging options for deer may impact their ability to ingest terpenes contained in coders. We conducted a series of studies to determine whether deer acceptance of terpene-containing foods can be affected by altering the ratio of energy and protein in their maintenance diet. We determined relative consumption of a high-energy and low-protein diet, and a low-energy and high-protein diet, when deer are given the opportunity to self-regulate their intake. We also determined if deer modified their relative intake of these diets when offered an alternative terpene-treated diet. Penned deer were offered variable diets (e.g., high energy-low protein, low-energy-high protein, or both foods), then their acceptance of terpene- and tannin-containing foods was determined Deer consumed more and demonstrated a strong preference for the high-energy diet relative to the high-protein diet. However, the varied diets did not appear to affect their intake of terpene or tannin-containing foods. This paper discusses the potential of manipulating maintenance rations as a non-lethal tool, presents initial results and possible explanations for differences between our study with deer and prior work with domestic ruminants.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/374
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1369/viewcontent/nolte042.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
black-tailed deer
energy
foraging behavior
metabolites
nutritional status
Odocoileus hemionus colwnbianus
protein
toxins
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1370
2007-02-16T16:56:55Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Evaluation of Different Rice Baits and Chemicals to Improve Efficacy of 2% DRC-1339 to Reduce Blackbird Damage to Rice
Pipas, Patricia A.
Cummings, John L.
Hurley, Jerry C.
Sheffer, Karen H.
Blackbird damage to sprouting rice can be locally severe and costs Louisiana growers an estimated $4 million/year and Texas growers $4.4 million/year. DRC-1339 blackbird baiting programs probably will continue until available alternative control techniques (i.e., repellents) become available. We conducted 3 studies to evaluate different rice baits and chemicals to improve efficacy of DRC-1339 for use at staging areas. During the first study, individually caged red-winged blackbirds preferred untreated medium grain brown rice over long grain brown rice, rough rice, or rough rice soaked with sodium bisulfite. Of birds offered only medium (control), long, rough, and rough rice soaked with sodium bisulfite treated with 2% DRC-1339 diluted 1:25 with untreated carrier (medium, long, or rough rice), 90 to 100% died within 48 hrs. During the second study, individually caged red-winged blackbirds preferred untreated rice over rice treated with Harvest Guard or ethyl cellulose. Birds were offered only medium brown rice (control), Harvest Guard, or ethyl cellulose-treated medium brown rice treated with 2% DRC-1339 diluted 1 :25 with untreated medium grain brown rice. With the medium grain brown rice (field bait), 100% mortality was observed within 48 hrs. With the Harvest Guard and ethyl cellulose treatments, 580% mortality was observed. The third study was an aviary test to determine if aging the chemical baits (sodium bisulfite, Harvest Guard, ethyl cellulose) for 3 days in Louisiana would affect mortality. Mortality with the fresh field and sodium bisulfite baits were 100%. We did not achieve 280% mortality with either the fresh Harvest Guard or ethyl cellulose bait. Mortality with the aged sodium bisulfite bait was 50%. None of the other aged baits produced >l0% mortality. Degradation occurred with all the aged baits but occurred the least with the sodium bisulfite treatment. Future research will look at possibly combining sodium bisulfite with W protection to further reduce the degradation of DRC-1339 in the field.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/375
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1370/viewcontent/pipas041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
3-chloro4-methyldine
Agelaius phoeniceus
bait
bird damage control
blackbirds
CPTH
DRC-1339
efficacy
formulation
rice
water-proofing
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1366
2007-02-16T16:32:17Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
GonaCon<sup>TM</sup>, a Versatile GnRH Contraceptive for a Large Variety of Pest Animal Problems
Miller, Lowell A.
Rhyan, Jack
Killian, Gary
As part of the program to develop contraceptive tools to control populations of over-abundant wildlife species, the NWRC has developed a single-injection gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) immunocontraceptive vaccine, GonaConTM. GonaConTM has been tested and shown to provide contraceptive effects lasting 1-3 years in many pest species including white-tailed deer, domestic and feral pigs, bison, wild horses, cats, dogs, and California ground squirrels. GonaCon contains a GnRH peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin combined with AduVacTM ,an adjuvant also developed at the USDA National Wildlife Research Center. Immunization against GnRH prevents the circulating GnRH from stimulating the release of pituitary luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone. This process of immune-neutralization of GnRH effects a temporary non-surgical castration in both males and females. Contraceptive and behavioral effects of GonaCon are discussed for a variety of species.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/371
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1366/viewcontent/miller043.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
adjuvant
fertility control
GnRH vaccine
GonaConTM
immunocontraception
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1365
2007-02-16T16:25:11Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Evaluation of Three Contraceptive Approaches for Population Control in Wild Horses
Killian, Gary
Miller, Lowell A.
Diehl, Nancy K.
Rhyan, Jack
Thain, David
Overpopulation of feral horses in several western states is an unquestioned problem. Current management strategies of removal and adoption are expensive, logistically challenging, and ineffective as a means of population control. We are testing three long-acting contraceptive approaches on feral Nevada mares. Modified reversible immunocontraceptive vaccines for gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) and porcine zona pellucida (F'ZP) (SpayVac), and intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs), are being evaluated to determine: I) their safety and efficacy for preventing pregnancy for multiple years, 2) whether the effects are reversible, and 3) whether there are notable contraindications. Preliminary data after 1 year suggest that IUD- and PZP-treated mares continue to exhibit breeding and estrus, while GnRH-treated mares are less likely to cycle. All mares in the GnRH and PZP treatments were infertile for the breeding season. Eighty percent of the IUD-treated mares were infertile; those mares that became pregnant likely failed to retain the IUD. A notable contraindication was that uterine edema normally observed in mares in the follicular phase of the estrous cycle was commonly observed in PZP-treated mares. Because administration of each contraceptive approach is different, and each has different effects and expected duration, one approach or a combination of approaches may be best suited for specific field applications. Subsequent years of this study should establish the efficacy and safety of one or more long-acting contraceptive approaches for feral horse population control.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/370
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1365/viewcontent/miller042.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
contraception
feral horse
fertility control
GnRH vaccine
intrauterine device
SpayVac-PZP vaccine
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1368
2007-02-16T16:44:02Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Fertility Control of California Ground Squirrels using GnRH Immunocontraception
Nash, Paul B.
James, David K.
Hui, Lucia T.
Miller, Lowell A.
Population of wildlife, such as California ground squirrels, can grow to the extent that they come in conflict with humans. Contraception is a method of population management under investigation that may be useful in situations where neither leaving the animals uncontrolled nor lethal control are apropos. In this study, we tested the use of a single-injection gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) immunocontraceptive vaccine in urban California ground squirrels. We monitored the effects of treatment for two breeding seasons. Immunization reduced the proportion of females lactating by 91% the first year and 96% in the second year. Testicular development was inhibited 35% the first year and 89% the second year. There is a delay of several months from the time of injection to inhibition of testes development. Reduction in the number of juveniles born per adult as determined by a visual count index was 9% the first year and 66% the second year. This study shows that the single-shot GnRH vaccine is over 90% effective for at least 1.5 years and requires several months after immunization for contraceptive effect. Because the immuni7ationrequires injection, it is labor intensive, but it is much more practical than treatments requiring multiple administrations to the same animal. GnRH immunocontraception may be a useful tool in rodent population management in certain circumstances.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/373
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1368/viewcontent/nash041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
California ground squirrel
contraception
fertility control
GnRH
gonadotropin releasing hormone
immunocontraception
population control
reproductive inhibition
Spermophilus beecheyi
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1385
2007-02-16T18:46:10Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Relative Factor Costs of Wildlife Rabies Impacts in the U.S.
Sterner, Ray T.
Sun, Ben
A comprehensive cost model of wildlife rabies is presented. A total of 11 factors were viewed to comprise the diverse agricultural, insurance, medical, and veterinary expenses associated with rabies (i.e., pet vaccinations, livestock vaccinations, pet replacements, livestock replacements, pre-exposure prophylaxis for humans, post-exposure prophylaxis for humans, adverse medical reactions, animal control activities, public health charges, quarantine costs, and human death settlements). These factor costs form the basis of potential savings to be gained from rabies control activities. Irrespective of incidence, per unit costs and ranges were found to be greatest for livestock replacement, post-exposure prophylaxis, adverse medical reactions, and human death settlements, with substantial costs of adverse medical reactions and human deaths occurring infrequently but due to potential insurance or litigation claims. Empirical studies are needed to document the incidence of these factors during pre-epizootic, epizootic, and post-epizootic phases of wildlife rabies.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/390
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1385/viewcontent/sterner041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
costs
disease
economics
model
rabies
savings
wildlife
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1375
2007-02-16T17:34:04Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Non-target Hazard to Ring-Necked Pheasants from Zinc Phosphide Use in Northern California Agricultural Areas
Ramey, Craig A.
Bourassa, Jean B.
Furuta, Michael S.
The National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) conducted a field study to determine hazards to non-target gallinaceous birds following the use of 2.0% zinc phosphide (Zn,P2) baits for vole control in fall alfalfa. Consultation among the NWRC, USDA Wildlife Services, California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the California Department of Fish and Game produced a 3-phased study. Free-ranging ring-necked pheasants and California quail were studied in alfalfa during the concurrent harvest of other agricultural crops. These data would be used by CDFA to support the re registration of their label "Rodent Bait Zinc Phosphide Treated Grain (?.00%)", EPA Reg. No. CA890027. Phase 1 was a pilot study to determine whether the two test species could he maintained in walled enclosures. Phase 2 was a worst-case scenario using the test species in alfalfa enclosures during vole control (i.e., simulated field study). Information from the 14-day post-baiting period led to a better understanding of some variables, including the sub-lethal effects that could impact the design of the final phase. During Phase 3 the actual non-target field study was conducted. Results from Phase 1 showed that these species could be maintained in outdoor enclosures using only wing clipping, 1 m-high metal walls, and no covering nets. Phase 2 proved that in outdoor alfalfa enclosures, baiting for vole control was not hazardous to quail but might be to pheasants. Phase 3 concluded that 2.0% Zn, P, bait when applied per label directions was not hazardous to either wild or pen-reared free-ranging pheasants in fall agricultural areas. This article summarizes the 3-phased study, the resulting data, and conclusions.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/380
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1375/viewcontent/ramey041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
alfalfa
non-target hazard
Phasianus colchim
ring-necked pheasant
zinc phosphide
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1377
2007-02-16T17:51:25Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Potential Flotation Devices for Aerial Delivery of Baits to Brown Treesnakes
Savarie, Peter J.
Tope, Kenneth L.
Brown treesnakes are exotic invasive predators that have extirpated native forest birds and caused drastic reductions of lizards on Guam. Operational management control methods to contain the snake on Guam include the use of live traps, hand capture from fences, and canine detection. Live traps are also used to depopulate small forest plots. Toxicants offer an additional means for reducing snake populations on small plots. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic pipe bait stations containing dead neonatal mice (DNM) treated with 80 mg acetaminophen are placed about 1.5 m above the ground in vegetation to reduce exposure to terrestrial scavengers such as toads, crabs, and feral pigs. Live traps or bait stations are not practical to use in remote, large-scale areas of forest but aerial delivery of baits may have application. Small plastic parachutes have been used for entangling DNM in forest canopy but parachutes are relatively expensive and cumbersome to use. Inconveniences can be tolerated when only a small number are deployed. But it is anticipated that several thousand baits may be delivered per drop, and inconveniences must be kept to a minimum to maintain an efficient aerial drop system. We therefore evaluated 5 types or flotation materials dropped by helicopter, using DNM implanted with radio transmitters to record landing site (canopy or ground) and bait consumption by snakes and non-target animals. The types of material and percentage of baits that became entangled in the canopy were: paper ring - 39%, paper drinking cup - 50%, excelsior (wood shavings) and burlap - each 56%, and commercial paper food cup - 60%. For all devices, bat consumption by snakes ranged from 19-50% and bait consumption by non-target toads and crabs ranged from 0 - 11%. Commercial food cups were the most convenient material to use because they could be nested together prior to deployment.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/382
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1377/viewcontent/savarie041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
aerial delivery
bait
Boiga irregularis
brown treesnake
flotation device
Guam
invasive species
parachute
radiotelemetry
snake
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1378
2007-02-16T17:59:03Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Operational Field Evaluation of a Plastic Bulb Reservoir as a Tranquilizer Trap Device for Delivering Propiopromazine Hydrochloride to Feral Dogs, Coyotes, and Gray Wolves
Savarie, Peter J.
Vice, Daniel S.
Bangerter, Layne
Dustin, Kevin
Paul, William J.
Primus, Thomas M.
Sherman Blom, F.
We evaluated a polyethylene bulb reservoir fabricated at the Pocatello Supply Depot, Pocatello, Idaho, as a potential cost savings replacement for the McBride lubber device that is used as a tranquilizer trap device (TTD). The polyethylene devices, also called pipette TTDs, were formulated with 0.6 g of propiopromazine hydrochloride (PPZH) and 0.4 g of ascorbic acid, an antioxidant. The pipette bulb was secured to a 1.6 mm-diameter cable and the cable was attached to the trap jaw. TTD testing was conducted during routine operational control under an Investigational New Animal Drug application (INAD 9528) from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. The targeted animals were feral dogs in Guam, coyotes in Utah and Idaho, and gray wolves in Minnesota. Various degrees of tranquilization ranging from quietness and lack of attention to sleepiness, were observed in the animals. Percent of tranquilization effects observed in feral dogs, coyotes, and wolves were 67%, 90%, and 67%, respectively. Evidence of reduced struggling and reduced injuries to feet and legs was observed. Tranquilization effects were also observed in non-target animals such as badgers, skunks, and raccoons. A mortality that was probably related to beat stress was recorded in one juvenile wolf. A major drawback of the pipette TTD was leakage at the stem attached to the trap jaw. Degradation of PPZH was also observed but was reduced compared to formulations without ascorbic acid.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/383
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1378/viewcontent/savarie042.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
coyote
feral dog
foothold hap
gray wolf
propiopromazine hydrochloride
tranquilizer
tranquilizer trap device
TTD
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1382
2007-02-16T18:27:23Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Economics in Wildlife Damage Management Studies: Common Problems and Some Solutions
Shwiff, Stephanie A.
Benefit-cost analysis (BCA) has become a highly useful economic tool to evaluate research and operational efforts in wildlife damage management. At the same time, common problems with BCA can be noted in these studies. These problems include: the absence of present value calculations, the misuse of market vs. non-market valuations, and the improper accounting of benefits and costs. Solutions to these problems are relatively simple but are imperative to the accuracy of the results. This paper outlines a number of common errors in BCA and offers solutions that enhance the use of economics in wildlife damage management studies.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/387
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1382/viewcontent/shwiff041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
benefit-cost analysis
economics
present value
valuation
wildlife damage management
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1384
2007-02-16T18:41:10Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Using Fatty Acid Profiles to Assess Dietary Intake of Sunflower in Red-Winged Blackbirds
Stahl, Randal S.
Jeffrey Homan, H.
Linz, George M.
Johnston, John J.
In late summer, red-winged blackbirds forage heavily on ripening sunflower crops in the Dakotas. Sunflower achenes have a distinct fatty acid profile that should influence the fatty acid composition in tissues of these buds. To determine if fatty acid composition in tissue could be used as a biomarker indicating dietary history, we fed 18 red-winged blackbirds a sunflower diet for 2 weeks and compared fatty acid profiles in their muscle and liver tissues to a control group of red-winged blackbirds (n = 15) fed a birdseed mix supplemented with safflower seed. Three subjects from each treatment group were sacrificed at Day 0, 7, 14, and 21, with Day 0 the day the treated group was switched to sunflower. The remaining buds were sacrificed on Day 35. Breast muscle and liver tissue were collected, extracted, and analyzed for levels of linoleic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Differences existed in levels of all 4 fatty acids between treatment groups pooled across time (P ≤ 0.05, ANOVA). When comparing fatty acid profiles between treated and controls by day sacrificed, we observed differences in levels of ≥1 of the fatty acids at Day 7, 14, and 21 in breast muscle, and Day 7 and 14 in liver tissue (P ≤ 0.05, t-test).Within-bird comparisons of fatty acid levels in liver and breast indicated temporal lags in metabolism between tissue types (P ≤ 0.05, paired t-test). Our results demonstrated that fatty acids profiles in body tissues can be used as biomarkers to verify recent foraging in sunflower by red-winged blackbirds.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/389
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1384/viewcontent/stahl042.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Agelaius phoeniceus
biomarkers
blackbirds
breast muscle
diet
fatty acids
Helianthus anus
liver tissue
red-winged blackbirds
sunflower
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1387
2007-02-16T18:57:55Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Bird Depredations in Uruguayan Vineyards
Rodriguez, Ethel N.
Tiscornia, Guadalupe
Tobin, Mark E.
Many species of birds in Uruguay frequent vineyards and damage grapes, both species that are considered crop pests and species that are protected by law because their conservation and protection are desirable. We surveyed 70 farmers in the Department of Canalones, the main grape growing region in Uruguay, to determine their perceptions about the nature and severity of bud depredations and the methods being employed to reduce such damage. Sixty-seven percent of respondents reported receiving damage from birds. Bird depredations were considered a serious problem by 58% of respondents, a moderate problem by 19% of respondents, and a minor problem by 19% of respondents. The species most often cited as causing damage were Picazuro pigeons, great kiscadees, and creamy-bellied thrushes. Respondents use a variety of methods to deter bud depredations including firearms, toxic baits, visual deterrents, and chemical repellents. We describe a research proposal to determine more precisely the magnitude of bird depredations in Uruguayan vineyards, to adapt and/or develop management tools, and to formulate and implement a pilot management plan for reducing bird depredations.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/392
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1387/viewcontent/tobin041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
bird damage
bird damage control
birds
gapes
Uruguay
vineyards
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1376
2007-02-16T17:43:32Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
The Role of Bait Manipulation in the Delivery of Oral Rabies Vaccine to Skunks
Robinson, Stacie J.
Jojola, Susan M.
VerCauteren, Kurt C.
The majority of rabies cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control each year occur in wildlife including skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, and coyotes. Currently, oral rabies vaccination campaigns are employed to immunize coyotes, foxes, and raccoons. Though skunks are vectors of 6 rabies strains, there is currently no effective oral vaccine or delivery system for skunks. More information is needed to determine if baits currently used are sufficiently attractive to skunks, or if the baits are difficult for skunks to handle and consume. We observed bait manipulation by skunks in penned/feeding trials to determine the bait type most conducive to ingestion and delivery of a mock vaccine to skunks. Smaller baits were easier for skunks to manipulate and consume, and vaccine containers coated with bait facilitated sachet puncture and increased the potential for vaccine delivery. Our information will be useful in the development of baits and vaccine containers for large-scale rabies vaccination campaigns that target skunks.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/381
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1376/viewcontent/robinson041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
bait
coyote
foxes
Mephitis mephitis
ORV
rabies vaccine
raccoon
skunk
wildlife damage management
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1379
2007-02-16T18:15:35Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Response of Canada Geese to a Dead Goose Effigy
Seamans, Thomas W.
Bernhardt, Glen E.
The North American Canada goose population increased at a rate of 10.5% per year, 1966 - 2001. Canada geese rank has the third most hazardous species in regards to collisions with aircraft. Sound Canada goose management tools are critical for a safer airport environment. We conducted field evaluations of a Canada goose effigy during the breeding season with territorial pairs and in late summer with post-fledging flocks to determine if geese were deterred by the effigy. No difference in territorial pairs was found between pretreatment and treatment periods for Canada geese when goose effigies were placed within their territories. In post-fledging flocks, the mean number of geese observed during pretreatment (74.9 ±12.9), treatment (14.8 ± 4.9, and post-treatment (53.6 ±14.2) periods differed (P < 0.01). There was no difference (P = 0.56) between the mean number of geese observed during a second round of 5-day pretreatment (58.7) and 5-day second round treatment (43.7) periods. By itself, the goose effigy was not effective as a Canada goose deterrent after approximately 5 days. However, this effigy may have some potential in an integrated goose control program conducted outside of the breeding season. Further evaluation of the effigy as part of an integrated Canada goose control program is recommended.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/384
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1379/viewcontent/seamans041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
bird damage control
Branta canadensis
Canada goose
deterrents
effigy
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1386
2007-02-16T18:51:58Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Evaluation of Trapping to Reduce Monk Parakeet Populations at Electric Utility Facilities
Tillman, Eric A.
Genchi, Ann C.
Lindsay, James R.
Newman, James R.
Avery, Michael L.
Through accidental and intentional introductions, the monk parakeet, native to South America, is now established in several parts of the United States. In Florida, it occurs in 21 of 67 counties. Monk parakeets build a bulky nest structure of sticks, and they often build on electric utility substations and support structures for distribution and transmission lines. This nesting activity is incompatible with reliable electric service because nest material creates short circuits that cause power outages. Nest removal by electric utility personnel is ongoing but provides only short-term relief, as buds readily rebuild their nests. In h s study, we evaluated passive and active methods to trap monk parakeets, and we documented the effectiveness of trapping to reduce rates of nest rebuilding on distribution poles. At electric substations, we tested two passive trap designs: a drop-in style trap, and a walk-in style trap. Monk parakeets were wary of traps, however, and were not easily captured even with extensive pre-baiting and the use of decoy birds. At distribution poles, we actively trapped birds at 47 nest sites using specially designed nets placed over nest entrances at night while birds roosted. Birds were then caught as they flew out of the nests into the net. Capture success at individual nest sites ranged from 0 to 100% with an overall average of 51%. Of the 47 sites where birds were trapped at night, 43 nests were removed immediately or shortly after netting. Subsequent monitoring revealed that higher nest site capture rates resulted in slower rates of nest rebuilding. We conclude that while more research is needed to design an effective passive trapping system, monk parakeets can be readily trapped from distribution pole nests at night thereby enhancing nest removal efforts.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/391
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1386/viewcontent/tillman041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
bird damage control
electric utility
monk parakeet
Myiopsitta monachus
nest removal
power outage
trapping
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1388
2007-02-16T19:04:52Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Cervid Disease Research at the National Wildlife Research Center
VerCauteren, Kurt C.
Lavelle, Mike
Nolte, Dale L.
Hygnstrom, Scott E.
Gilsdorf, Jason
The realized and perceived threats of cervid diseases have immense implications for federal and state wildlife management agencies, captive cervid ranchers, hunters, and businesses and economies that rely on recreation associated with deer and elk. Therefore, the spread of diseases, primarily chronic wasting disease and bovine tuberculosis, in wild and captive cervids is of great concern. Research is paramount to closing information gaps associated with all aspects of cervid diseases. The Wildlife Disease Research Program of the USDA APHIS WS National Wildlife Research Center is engaged in considerable research on cervid diseases. Efforts focus on disease epidemiology, cervid ecology, and methods to reduce disease prevalence and transmission. Here we share results of recently completed studies, provide updates for ongoing studies, and share plans for upcoming research.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/393
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1388/viewcontent/vercauteren041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Cervus elaphus
deer
disease
elk
fencing
frightening device
Odocoileus hemionus
Odocoileus virginianus
wildlife damage management
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1396
2007-02-19T16:11:58Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Leptospirosis in the Azores: the Rodent Connection
Witmer, Gary W.
Martins, Hernani
Flor, Lidia
The Azores are Portuguese islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. The culture is very agrarian with a large cattle industry. Unfortunately, there is a chronic leptospirosis problem within the people, livestock, companion animals, and wildlife of the Azores. Introduced rodents play a significant role as maintenance hosts of this disease. We review the situation and make recommendations for reducing the occurrence and hazard of leptospirosis in the Azores. Areas addressed include the need for a better understanding of the epidemiology of the disease and the role of rodents, development of an effective rodent control program, improvements in farm practices and animal husbandry, and improvements in the Azores infrastructure to effectively reduce the leptospirosis hazard.
2004-02-19T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/401
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1396/viewcontent/witmer042.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Azores
disease
house mouse
leptospirosis
live wildlife disease
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1360
2007-02-16T15:56:07Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Weight and Age of Coyotes Captured in Virginia
Houben, John M.
Mason, J. Russell
We recorded the weight and age of 70 coyotes collected during depredation control efforts in western Virginia. Mean masses for adult male and female coyotes were 16.2 and 13.4 kg, respectively. Juvenile male and female coyotes weighed 14.0 and 13.0 kg, respectively. Regardless of sex, mean mass was greatest between November and January and comparable to that reported for coyotes throughout the eastern United States. Cementum aging indicated that 71% of the coyotes captured were greater than 1 year of age. Numerical trends suggest that age and sex may influence vulnerability to capture.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/365
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1360/viewcontent/mason042.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
age
Canis latrans
capture
coyote
Virginia
weight
Environmental Sciences
oai:digitalcommons.unl.edu:icwdm_usdanwrc-1359
2007-02-16T15:52:56Z
publication:icwdm_usdanwrc
publication:unlreports
publication:vpc21
publication:vpccollection
publication:usdaaphis
publication:icwdm
Keynote Address: Breathing Lessons
Mason, J. Russell
Current issues in wildlife damage management and the protection of human health and safety arise from the successful application of traditional methods by state and federal managers. The paradox is that these same methods are increasingly controversial. Within this constraint, management strategies may be difficult to implement. In California, for example, protecting state-threatened foxes could mean killing federally protected golden eagles. In Utah, restoring Gunnison sage grouse may require the sustained lethal suppression of predator populations unless or until habitat can be restored. The obvious fact is that these are unpopular choices, and special interest groups frequently oppose selective intervention, promoting instead somewhat neo-Romantic interpretations of ecosystem management. Lucidly for the species involved, the motivating biological facts remain. The need for wildlife damage management is now a necessity in many instances, and the discipline is experiencing geometric growth. The real challenge is to make the best possible choices despite the controversies, within the already developed fabric. This presentation focuses on the conditions that USDA Wildlife Services is making to these efforts.
2004-02-16T08:00:00Z
text
application/pdf
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/icwdm_usdanwrc/364
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/icwdm_usdanwrc/article/1359/viewcontent/mason041.pdf
USDA Wildlife Services: Staff Publications
DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln
agriculture
alternative methods
disease
invasive
urban
Wildlife Services
Environmental Sciences