In December 2010 and January 2011, surveys were conducted in Phnom Penh at 6 massage parlors employing males and advertising to a male clientele. There were a total of 45 surveys completed by young men employed as masseurs at one of the 6 locations. The survey used was adapted from a similar tool used with male masseurs in India. This survey was determined to be the most efficient and effective way to gain preliminary data in a field that had not previously been researched in Cambodia. Ethical guidelines were followed throughout the research process.

Key Results
The results of this study indicate that boys and young men are vulnerable to sexual exploitation. There are a variety of factors that may attribute to a boy’s vulnerability for sexual exploitation. A lack of skills and job training may be a contributing factor to boys’ vulnerability. This study suggests that many of the respondents entered the massage What about boys?: An initial exploration of sexually exploited boys in Cambodia 5 industry because they lacked skills or training to get a different job. The educational levels of the respondents were above average with nearly half of the respondents completing the 11th standard or above. However, this education did not appear to provide them with the skills necessary to gain employment. When asked if they would be interested in alternative employment, even if it paid a lower wage than what they were currently earning, the majority of the respondents said they would consider taking or definitely take an alternative job.

This willingness to pursue other employment could be linked to the majority of respondents acknowledging their shame over working as a masseur. The majority of respondents had not disclosed their employment as a masseur to their villages or communities because they believed their jobs to be shameful and were embarrassed to tell others.

Additionally, the sexual health of respondents was of some concern. Traditionally, attention that has been given to sexual exploitation of boys and young men has focused on providing sexual health education and HIV/AIDS prevention. One-­‐third of the respondents identified some symptoms of illness, which suggests that not enough is being done to educate and support the health of these young men. However, there are other supports that need to be offered to these young men in order for them to be supported holistically.

The respondents were given an opportunity to share about their future goals and plans. The majority expressed a desire to pursue alternative employment. They had goals such as owning a business or working as a hairdresser. Most of the respondents planned to save money in order to achieve their future goals, but they may need additional support in order to gain job skills.

Recommendations
Future research needs to be conducted to better understand the issue of sexual exploitation of boys. Understanding the ways in which masseurs are recruited to work in the industry as well as the backgrounds of those working in this industry may provide a basis for developing more effective prevention and support programs for these young men. Assistance programs, such as those provided by First Step, are being developed to assist boys who suffer sexual abuse. Additional research is necessary to determine the types of alternative employment that appeal to these young men and what kind of support is needed for them to pursue these alternatives. Anthropological research into the cultural practices that may make boys vulnerable would be helpful in discovering how boys can be protected from sexual exploitation.

From an organizational perspective, there are several recommendations for promoting the overall health and well-­‐being of sexually exploited boys. The sexual health of these boys is of concern. The research team made contact with a well-­‐known organization, which was partnering with other organizations to provide sexual health education and services to these young men. However, one-­‐third of the respondents acknowledged symptoms of illness, suggesting that more support is needed in this area.

Alternative employment and job skills training programs are needed for these young men. It is essential for organizations to work collaboratively in order to provide training to these young men. It is also important to consider the preferences of these young men. They should be consulted as to their preferences for jobs and should be treated individually with dignity and respect.

Further, it is recommended that greater attention be placed upon the prosecution of perpetrators of sexual exploitation of boys. This is especially true for local Cambodian perpetrators. The majority of perpetrators of sexual exploitation of boys are local Cambodians, yet more attention has been given to the prosecution of foreign perpetrators. In order to protect all children, perpetrators of sexual exploitation, regardless of nationality, must be prosecuted.

Contents
Summary
1. What is the background and rationale for this project?
2. What are the Goals and Objectives of the project?
3. How is the Butterfly research project being designed?
4. Phase 1: Preliminary Questionnaire Design
5. Phase 1: Preliminary Survey findings
6. What was the Focus Groups Discussion Methodology?
7. What were the Focus Group Discussion Findings?
8. What are the limitations and lessons learned from Phase 1?
9. What is our ethical strategy?
10. What have been the challenges for organizations involved?
11. How was the research presented to stakeholders?
12. Where do we go from here? Moving Forward References
Appendices
Appendix 1: Profiles
Appendix 2: Focus Group Discussion process
Appendix 3: Research presentation
Appendix 4: UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC)
Appendix 5: Phase 2 Draft Survey Questionnaires
Appendix 6: Who are our donors?
Appendix 7: Who are our research people and Internet resources?

Includes Author(s), Affiliation(s), and Email(s).

This is a report on: 1. the survey of the relevant populations’ perceived indicators of successful reintegration of traffic survivors; 2. the development of an instrument to measure level of success of reintegration, based on the survey results; 3. the field-testing of the draft instrument with another relevant population to determine its reliability and validity; and 4. initiation of a reintegration philosophy and program based on the indicators in the instrument.

The reintegration program consists of implementing the indicators in the instrument in helping the reintegrated girls of Love146, a US-based NGO that works toward the abolition of child sex exploitation and trafficking and the restoration of the victims. This report includes a case study of one of these girls, wherein the instrument was also used to evaluate the reintegration assistance given her and her family.

The objectives of the work reported here are:
1. To find out what the relevant populations perceive as indicators of successful reintegration of traffic survivors ;
2. To draft an instrument measuring success of reintegration, based on the gathered perceptions;
3. To field-test the instrument in order to establish reliability and validity; and
4. To initiate a program of reintegration with reintegrated girls based on the indicators in the instrument, and to evaluate the program using the instrument.

1.An effective federal and state human trafficking legal framework;

2.Creating a coordinated, comprehensive community response;
–24 hour hotline with has designated POC's for all needs, including shelters, services, etc.;
–Strong referral protocols;
–Media campaign, awareness raising;
–Community and direct outreach;

3.Collaboration across jurisdictional boundaries to:
–Identify, assist and protect human trafficking victims;
–Investigate human traffickers and the related networks;
–Initiate prosecutions from U.S. Attorney’s Offices, State Attorney Generals and County and Local Attorney’s Offices;
–Hold human traffickers accountable and suppress their markets.

Fifteen to 20 percent of the 120,000 (approx) Sri Lankan women who leave each year for the Gulf return prematurely, face abuse, nonpayment of salary, or get drawn into illicit human trafficking schemes or prostitution.

[Presentation does not contain the images of the women because of permission issues.]

In contrast the Harkin- Engel’s Protocol fails to systemically challenge the issue of forced labor within the cocoa industry of the Ivory Coast. Signed in 2001 by the Chocolate Manufacturing Association and World Cocoa Foundation, the Harkin Engel Protocol is a voluntary, non-binding, non-legislative document in response to media reports of forced and child labor in cocoa plantations. Unfortunately, the international agreement has eventuated in meager results in curbing, preventing and eradicating child and forced labor in West Africa.

Popularly touted as a successful strategy in combating trafficking of all forms, the success of consumer- mandated, market based incentives proves complicated, defying the duality of black and white, success or failure. In order to impede child labor it is necessary to evaluate the relative effectiveness of market- based incentivize strategies, in order to discuss the complicity of consumer purchases within the modern day slave trade as well as mobilize consumers to advocate for fair labor standards through their product purchases.

Friday, September 30
Session 1.1 International Trafficking Issues I
Session 1.2 Local and Regional Trafficking Issues I
Session 1.3 Legislation and Law Enforcement I
Session 2.1 Collaboration I
Session 2.2 US Teens & Young Adults
Session 2.3 Economic & Market Analysis I
Plenary Session: Think Globally, Act Locally: Panel on Human Trafficking in Nebraska and the Great Plains
Session 3.1 World Trafficking
Session 3.2 Collaboration Initiatives
Session 3.3 Legislation and Law Enforcement II
Session 4.1 International labor Trafficking
Session 4.2 Public Action I
Session 4.3 Legislation and Law Enforcement III
Film: Sex and Money (a documentary on sex trafficking and the sex industry in America)

Saturday, October 1
Session 5.1 Community Models I
Session 5.2 Public Action II
Session 6.1 Community Models II
Session 6.2 Theory and Methods
Session 7.1 Rehabilitation
Session 7.2 India and Sri Lanka
Session 8.1 Economic and Market Analysis II
Session 8.2 Men and Boys

Participant/Presenters Email addresses

This paper will provide an overview of both the constant and emerging facets of the refugee condition contributing to trafficking risk, and will offer policy and practice recommendations for risk reduction. The perspective offered is that of a national non-profit organization - Lutheran Immigration and Refugee Service - which resettles refugees from around the world in forty-five communities across the United States, serves asylum-seekers and other at-risk migrants in detention, and works with smuggled and trafficked migrant children. LIRS is a national faith-based nonprofit organization, founded in 1939, which works to engage communities in service to and advocacy for migrants and refugees. Our primary expertise in the area of refugees and trafficking comes from two decades of experience working with migrant children, the insights we have gained in serving “women at risk”, and our knowledge of the vulnerabilities within refugee populations in the post-resettlement period.

OVERVIEW OF THE CHAB DAI CHARTER
History of the Chab Dai Charter … 7
What is the Charter? … 8
The Vision Behind the Charter … 8
The Implementation of the Charter … 9
What are donors saying about the Charter? … 9
The Chab Dai Charter – 15 Principles … 10

ABOUT THE CHARTER ASSESSMENT TOOL
What is the Assessment Tool? … 13
What are the foundations of the Assessment Tool? … 14
Why is it important for my organization to complete the Assessment Tool? … 14
Who should use the Assessment Tool? … 15
How can the Assessment Tool be implemented in my organization? … 15 When should my organization use the Assessment Tool? … 16
What will the Charter Assessment Tool help my organization achieve? … 16

HOW TO USE THE CHARTER ASSESSMENT TOOL
How to Use this Toolkit … 19
Scoring Definitions … 21

CHARTER ASSESSMENT WORKSHEETS
1. PROTECTION … 27
2. COLLABORATION … 41
3. PARTICIPATION … 53
4. TRANSPARENCY … 65

Each collective value has 5 accompanying worksheets:
• Assessment Worksheets
• Group Summary Score Sheet
• Improvement Action Planning Worksheet
• Improvement Action Plan Year 1 and Year 2
• Available Resource Chart

APPENDIX
APPENDIX A. Summary of Assessment Indicators … 77
APPENDIX B. Charter Implementation Process Timeline … 78
APPENDIX C. Checklist of Items Included in a Staff Policy … 80
APPENDIX D. Checklist for the Prakas on Minimum Standards of Residential Care for Children (English) … 81

REFERENCES … 93