Theses and Professional Projects from the College of Journalism and Mass Communications Copyright (c) 2013 University of Nebraska - Lincoln All rights reserved. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss Recent documents in Theses and Professional Projects from the College of Journalism and Mass Communications en-us Thu, 25 Apr 2013 01:35:29 PDT 3600 See You Later, Aggregator: How Hot News Misappropriation Deters Aggregators Without Overprotecting Facts http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/34 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/34 Tue, 23 Apr 2013 08:31:07 PDT As traditional media scramble to find ways to monetize online content, the ease of digital publishing and online dissemination of news have led to a rise of a new form of news media: News aggregators. News aggregators compile information from journalism websites by various means, often drawing potential readers away from traditional news outlets, thus siphoning off advertising revenue from traditional journalism outlets, with little to no cost to the aggregators. News establishments have sought legal redress by claiming copyright infringement and hot news misappropriation, a state unfair competition common law principle created in 1918. Hot news misappropriation prevents direct competitors from distributing a journalism organization’s time-sensitive news, or “hot news,” for a limited time. But questions have unsettled both aggregators and content creators: How long is hot news protected as “hot?” Does this timed injunction violate the First Amendment? This thesis argues that hot news misappropriation is necessary to protect hot news and that it can do so in a way that does not violate the First Amendment. The hot news doctrine protects a right similar to the right of first publication, but only between direct competitors. Though existing case law is limited, this thesis also reviews past hot news cases and proposes guidelines in deciding the duration of protection of hot news and how they can be uniformly applied through federalization of the doctrine.

Adviser: John Bender

]]> Wern Ai Tan Yolanda Barco's Impact on the Cable Television Industry http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/33 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/33 Mon, 22 Apr 2013 08:35:42 PDT The purpose of this thesis was to take a detailed look into the life of cable television pioneer Yolanda Barco and demonstrate that her achievements in cable telecommunications have directly impacted the success of the cable telecommunications industry.

The daughter of cable television pioneer George Barco, Yolanda Barco worked alongside her father advocating for the rights of cable television during the early years of the industry. Following a biographical story framework, this research follows a timeline of her career discussing her family life, education, how she became involved in the cable television industry, achievements in cable television and the lasting effects her work has had on the industry. Information for this study was gathered through interviews with cable television industry leaders who worked with the pioneer, newspaper and newsletter articles, television broadcasts as well as the review of personal statements and interviews of Yolanda Barco that occurred before her death.

At a time when the efforts of women within the cable television industry were not readily recognized, Yolanda Barco became the first woman general manager of a cable television system, the first woman to be elected to the National Cable Television Association board of directors and the first woman to be elected president of a state cable industry association. Her achievements demonstrate that as an individual and a woman, Yolanda Barco did make a significant impact on the cable television industry.

Advisor: Larry Walklin

]]> Piper L. Peteet-Kilgore The Collection of Media by U.S. Senators: A Preliminary Study http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/32 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/32 Fri, 19 Apr 2013 12:46:03 PDT This study explores the relationship between media and the U.S. Senate by examining how senators and staff collect, study, and use media. Senators and staff study media to find out how they are portrayed by media. Their collection of news articles for study is an indicator of mediatization, a theory of how media shape society. Political actors study media to understand how media frame news about politics. Mediatization of politics occurs when loosely regulated media evolve from being intermediaries who deliver political news, to become active shapers of the government. The U.S. political system is influenced by the demands of media and their coverage. Political actors must adapt to the form of media they wish to use. Mediatization forces political actors to adopt media rules. To a political actor an altered message presented by media can redefine a career. Political actors cannot ignore media and they must study media. For this study, U.S. senators’ staffs were surveyed to understand why they collect media. The technology of radio, television, the Internet and social media allow media to be increasingly active in the governing process. Mediatization, a theory that describes media as playing a central, active role in society, is supported by this study. Allowing that senators collect media to understand, adapt to, and even counter news coverage illustrates how much influence media have in politics, and how the process of politics has become mediatized.

Advisor: Mary Kay Quinlan

]]> Richard L. Willis Meet Them Where They Gather: An Analysis of NASA’s Communications Approach for the 21st Century http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/31 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/31 Thu, 18 Apr 2013 09:20:35 PDT Since the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has been tasked with not only governing the United States’ space activities, but also sharing those efforts and subsequent findings with the American public. When President Barack Obama issued the Open Government Directive in 2009, NASA was well positioned to meet the objectives. Today, the administration has built one of the most successful web-based information-sharing presences by government agency, largely by tailoring communications efforts to reach the public on popular social media platforms. This paper will explore how NASA has utilized two-way symmetrical communications through social media to maintain collaboration, participation and transparency, and demonstrate to the public the value of a robust U.S. space program.

Adviser: Timothy Anderson

]]> Amanda D. Stein Is There a Future Audience for Small Market Broadcast Television News? http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/30 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/30 Wed, 17 Apr 2013 07:10:42 PDT Local television stations, especially in smaller markets of 100,000 to 200,000 TV homes, are constantly looking for adults between the ages of 25- 54 to watch their TV newscasts. TV stations must nurture younger audiences (of adults 18-34) to grow into older, desired audiences of loyal TV news viewers. Because of technological innovations such as the Internet, Facebook and Twitter, younger audiences are spending less time watching local TV news.

Existing research on younger audiences has largely focused on news consumption in general (TV, radio, newspaper, Internet), used more of a national news focus, and was often conducted in large U.S. markets. This thesis asked 354 people, aged 18-34, about local TV news consumption in smaller, Midwest television markets. The survey also asked respondents what might encourage them to watch more local TV news.

Results indicate the younger audience for local TV news is shrinking, but there are positive signs for local TV stations hoping to increase the size of those young audiences for the future.

Adviser: Bernard J. McCoy

]]> David W. Madsen MUSICIAN BLOGGERS: THE IMPACT OF NICHE BLOGGERS ON BUSINESS http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/29 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/29 Thu, 29 Nov 2012 06:50:36 PST Blogs have become a staple for many online users as the world becomes more and more connected. Blogs are websites often maintained by individuals who comment on anything that interests them. They are diaries of sorts from which individuals can broadcast their thoughts and opinions to the world.

Musician blogs are websites where musicians discuss their lives and craft. These blog present the writer’s opinions about their specific instruments, genre, group and many things.

This study analyzes in-depth interviews with 20 musician bloggers to understand their motivations and satisfaction they receive from blogging. This study will analyze seven motivations for blogging: self-documentation, improving writing, self-expression, medium appeal, information, passing time, and socialization.

The goal was to answer what motivates musicians to blog and what satisfactions do musicians receive from blogging. This is important because it shows that not all bloggers have the same motivations or satisfactions.

Adviser: John R. Bender

]]> Charles Craine Faith As News: A Christian Clergy Perspective on News Media Coverage of Religion http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/28 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/28 Mon, 30 Jul 2012 10:43:33 PDT Religion and the news media have had a long, contentious relationship. While the roots of American journalism lie in the particular theology and practices of Puritan New England, journalism’s clashes with authority, including the religious establishment, set it on its course to independence.

While the general public sees the news media as largely neutral toward religion, a significant segment of evangelical Christians see the news media as “unfriendly” toward them. This thesis suggests that group identification, as well as conservative political orientation, are prime factors shaping this perception of the new media.

Adviser: Carla Kimbrough

]]> John Baker BLIND TRUSTS AS A MODEL FOR CAMPAIGN FINANCE REFORM http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/27 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/27 Mon, 30 Jul 2012 07:25:26 PDT In this thesis, I explore whether blind trusts present a viable option for campaign finance reform. More specifically, would either permitting (voluntary) or requiring (mandatory) anonymous donations for political campaigns allow for fully funded, yet privately funded, campaigns while preventing problems, whether real or perceived, such as buying influence (quid pro quo) or buying access, which are traditionally associated with large campaign donations? To study this question, I have examined the constitutional origins of the need to fund federal campaigns, Congress’ power to regulate campaigns under the Constitution’s Elections Clause, the constitutional protection of speech, and the concern of large donations corrupting the political system. Further, I have also reviewed and summarized the history of campaign finance law and salient court decisions regarding the history of campaign finance regulation. Finally, I have reviewed the current use of blind trusts by government officials as well as existing relevant literature suggesting blind trusts may be a viable option for campaign reform. Having reviewed the salient constitutional history, law, and discourse, voluntary blind trusts could offer a great deal of protection to candidates from the appearance of impropriety, while possibly working complementary to existing campaign finance restrictions. There are conflicting principles at play between making campaign finance trusts completely anonymous to avoid even the appearance of impropriety and republican principles of disclosure, the First Amendment, and the ability to police non-disclosure of donations. This analysis is important because there is a legitimate public interest in preventing not only the quid pro quo of trading campaign donations for votes or access to politicians, but protecting against even the appearance of impropriety. Voluntary blind trusts may prove part of the solution of campaign finance reform while offering candidates additional protection from even the appearance of impropriety.

Advisor: John Bender

]]> Perry Andrew Pirsch College Football Twitter Communities: The Husker Twitter Community During the 2012 Capital One Bowl http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/26 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/26 Fri, 27 Jul 2012 08:01:08 PDT Our increasingly interconnected society has allowed total strangers to share insights in real time with increasing frequency and ease through the use of social networking sites like Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn and Google Plus. Twitter, a social network based on the cell phone short messaging system, has previously shown an ability to aid in the sharing of information during major events such as presidential debates and breaking news.

Sporting events are also places where large groups of people share a similar experience. Traditionally, information has flowed to average viewers, through professional journalists. Due to social networking sites like Twitter, fans now have the ability to speak directly to professional journalists, other fans as well as representatives within a sports organization during an event, regardless of distance, and in real time. The adoption of Twitter into these sporting communities may be shifting traditional communication patterns among sports organizations, journalists and average fans.

Understanding how reflective the flow of information is to the actual events on the field, how the parties involved in this social media community communicate, and the influence of institutional social media accounts with different users is paramount in further understanding how information is shared using social media.

By examining a collection of Tweets obtained during the 2012 Capital One Bowl game with Nebraska versus South Carolina this research has been able to take a closer look at the Nebraska Football Twitter community in order to begin understanding these questions. Users can be divided into two groups, seekers of information and sources of information. Ultimately, understanding how users seek out information and communicate during a sporting event will assist first hand sources of information such as journalists and sports organizations in better tailoring their messages to the correct audience to gain the best, most accurate information available in an instantaneous manner.

Adviser: Jerry Renaud

]]> Kelly D. Mosier The Impact of Reporter Gender on Print News Coverage of the 2008 Dole-Hagan U.S. Senate Race in North Carolina http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/25 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/25 Mon, 23 Apr 2012 13:05:28 PDT Four reporters covered the 2008 U.S. Senate race between Republican incumbent Elizabeth Dole and Democrat challenger Kay Hagan – two male and two female – all of whom worked for the same news organization. This study analyzed the coverage the four reporters produced about the Dole-Hagan race, looking specifically at story structure, topic selection, descriptive language used, tone and source selection. Due to study limitations, no clear relationships were established between reporter gender and the news coverage of the Dole-Hagan race that reporters produced.

Advisor: John Bender

]]> Courtney Hunt Munther From Red Fears to Red Power: The Story of the Newspaper Coverage of Wounded Knee 1890 and Wounded Knee 1973 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/24 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/24 Thu, 19 Apr 2012 07:55:43 PDT This thesis examines newspaper coverage of the Wounded Knee massacre, which occurred in December 1890, and the takeover of Wounded Knee, S.D., by members of the American Indian Movement in 1973. In 1890, 21 reporters covered the massacre in which 25 soldiers and 250 Indians were killed, while dozens of radio, television and newspaper reporters covered the 1973 siege in which two Indians were killed. Some historians say newspaper coverage leading up to the massacre, including sensational, false stories about Indians attacking settlers, contributed to Indian agent Dr. D.F. Royer’s calling upon the military to suppress a feared Indian rebellion, a decision that led to the massacre at Wounded Knee. The mostly white journalists who covered the massacre largely failed to interview the Indian survivors, many of who couldn’t speak English. In 1973, journalists provided much more balanced coverage of the Indian activists’ and government’s perspectives. The Indians in 1973 actively manipulated the media, and many Indian reporters even covered the event for Indian publications.

Adviser: Charlyne Berens

]]> Kevin Abourezk CONSUMER PACKAGED GOODS TRADE ADVERTISING DURING THE DECEMBER 2007–JUNE 2009 RECESSION http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/23 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/23 Tue, 17 Apr 2012 07:05:55 PDT The purpose of this study was to use a content analysis to compare retail trade advertisements made by top U.S. consumer packaged goods (CPG) manufacturers during the December 2007–June 2009 recession. This study extended Lord’s (1987) research that focused on consumer advertising to understand retail trade advertisements. This study analyzed 195 advertisements of U.S. CPG manufacturers in a nationally distributed U.S. retail trade print publication, Supermarket News. The results could indicate that retail trade print advertisements may help to enhance CPG manufacturers’ reputations among their trading partners. Specifically, findings from this research may indicate that because General Mills and Unilever had frequent ads that addressed the key long-term performance measures and industry issues, each company was able to move up in the Cannondale PoweRankings in 2010.

Adviser: Phyllis Larsen

]]> Bridgid Agosta A Matter of Seconds: An Interpretive Study on Media Reporting of Life-threatened Children http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/22 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/22 Mon, 05 Dec 2011 09:50:13 PST Based on the premise that journalists and media systems have an ethical responsibility to report on the issue of child mortality, this interpretive study examines the question of how they can do so effectively, with the possibility of inspiring generous action among their audiences. The study compares results from human science research on charitable giving to distant victims, with a set of interviews involving a diverse group of media specialists. In conclusion, while the media staff of nonprofit organizations, compared to journalists, tend to be more aware of social research related to charitable giving, as well as more comfortable with the concept of “advocacy” for sick remote children, there is one theme on which most media specialists tend to agree: They should tell the stories of life threatened children – and give voice to the voiceless – whether the young ones live in the United States or in faraway countries. The more debatable question is not if to report, but how.

Adviser: John Bender

]]> James M. Kavanaugh GREETED LIKE LIBERATORS: MEDIA, METAPHOR, AND MYTH IN THE RHETORICAL CONSTRUCTION OF OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/21 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/21 Thu, 01 Dec 2011 12:56:49 PST Journalistic performance in covering the presidential argument to undertake Operation Iraqi Freedom drew almost instantaneous criticism from within the profession. The general line of criticism held that journalists failed a “watchdog” standard of applying scrutiny to the rhetoric of public officials in terms of fact-based and legitimate argumentation. Alleged causes, in the case of Operation Iraqi Freedom, are usually rooted in al-Qaeda’s September 11, 2001 terroristic attacks inside the United States. Some critics submitted that post-attack journalistic “patriotism” granted President George W. Bush an overly-generous benefit of doubt in framing an American response. Others faulted journalistic norms. But the criticism in itself is open to critique as limited, however admissible.

My thesis is directed at expanding the discussion by considering how journalists might have used the classical theories of rhetoric as a watchdog aid in covering President Bush’s rhetorical war on terror. Three key speeches channeled a part of that war towards an invasion of Iraq. Chapters One through Three concentrate on breaking down those speeches as Aristotle, Cicero, and other ancients might have. Metaphor’s ability to function as a fact in rhetorical reality is particularly stressed as the president often used metaphor related to World War II. Approaching the speeches in this fashion raises watchdog questions journalists could have raised at the time working solely with the Bush texts.

Chapter Four explores the use of Operation Iraqi Freedom in the convention acceptance speeches of the two major party nominees for the 2004 presidential contest. This allows the chance to consider convention rhetoric on a war in the first election in sixty years featuring an incumbent wartime president standing for re-election.

Chapter Five concludes that a variety of reasons contributed towards making journalistic failure here a failure, in part, from taking rhetorical language at the most superficial level. Ignoring metaphor was particularly unfortunate as the figure over time steered the legitimate Bush rhetoric downward from the classical theory.

Adviser: John Bender

]]> Charles Franklin Bisbee The University of Nebraska at Omaha's Criss Library Mobile Resources: A Study of User's Preferences http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/20 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/20 Wed, 30 Nov 2011 10:38:34 PST In March of 2010 the University of Nebraska at Omaha Dr. C.C. and Mabel L. Criss Library launched mCriss, the library mobile website to support the educational objectives of on-campus and distance students as well as the research goals of UNO faculty and staff. The study investigators conducted an online survey of UNO students, faculty, staff, alumni and UNO Library Friends ages 19 and older. The purpose of this study was to collect data on UNO community member use of mobile devices and UNO Criss Library mobile services, to determine if participants: are aware of the different aspects of the Library mobile initiative; use Criss Library mobile resources; are interested in other library mobile services and (if so) identify which resources/services are of interest; and determine participant perceptions of library mobile resources/services. The study found that the modal users of the Criss Library mobile website are Caucasian, female, undergraduate students between the age of 19 to 25 in the social sciences. The results also shows that 66 percent have Internet access on their mobile phone, but only 24 percent have used a mobile device to access UNO Library mobile resources. Library catalog and library hours are the top resources used on a mobile device.

Adviser: Stacy James

]]> Teonne A. Wright <i>MARINERS ALL ACCESS</i>: AN INSIDE LOOK AT THE ROLE OF A PRODUCER AT <i><b>ROOT SPORTS</i></b><sup>TM</sup> http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/19 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/19 Tue, 29 Nov 2011 13:44:06 PST The experience of producing a full episode and several segments of Mariners All Access provides an in-depth look at the inner workings of a production at a regional sports network. Examining the role of the producer, what lessons are learned and discovering more effective ways to produce Mariners All Access.

The producer in this instance is a manager of a small staff, a researcher and a creator of storylines. From previous experience an assumption is made that sports networks and news stations operate the same way. After the author’s experience in producing Mariners All Access it is shown this is not the case. ROOT SPORTSTM, a regional sports network located in three regions throughout the United States, has a unique philosophy, quite different from an independent news station. This creative thesis will provide an understanding of how a production department at a regional sports network operates through examples of the program Mariners All Access.

Advisor: Jerry Renaud

]]> Carrie S. Tachiyama Identifying Barriers and Incentives Related to Attending the Performing Arts: An Examination of First Year College Students http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/18 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/18 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 15:15:24 PST Young adults entering their first year of academic study beyond high school face seemingly limitless opportunities. For the first time, they’re on their own: deciding everything from when to eat to where to study and what to do in their free time. Campuses are rich with possibilities. From official student organizations and clubs, to impromptu pizza parties and dorm floor trivia contests, daily decisions create the experiences that shape the life to come. On many large campuses, alongside academic buildings are art galleries and performance spaces. Research shows that early exposures to the arts lead to increased engagement during student time on campus, and most important, beyond their degree-seeking years. Students at major universities are easily able to opt in for arts experiences without leaving their primary geography. For students on smaller campuses, however, this is often not the case. An undeniable barrier to critical early college career performing arts experiences in the city itself is the distance of travel to the venue. Between coordinating transportation, parking, and the associated costs—many find it easier to opt instead for a campus movie or night in front of the television. This research examines the barriers to attending performing arts events for first year college students, and methods for communicating benefits and incentives to this critical target audience.

Adviser: Stacy James

]]> Laura J. Sweet PRINT vs. ONLINE JOURNALISM: ARE BELIEVABILITY AND ACCURACY AFFECTED BY WHERE READERS FIND INFORMATION? http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/17 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/17 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 11:37:10 PST Believability and accuracy of print and online news is studied via the comments of newspaper readers of a small Texas community. The readers of the Normangee Star were chosen to be the survey recipients to learn if readers in a small community had the same attitude about their local newspaper that national surveys have indicated exist about newspapers in general. The expectation was that those who read more news online would consider their local paper to be less believable and accurate than those who read little to no news online. Surveys were mailed to 200 subscribers of the Star, and an online survey was posted on the Star’s website and Facebook page. Fifty print surveys were returned and one person responded to the survey online. Two focus groups were conducted in the Star’s coverage area.

This study showed that readers of the Normangee Star believe their newspaper is more accurate than the Bryan-College Station Eagle, Houston Chronicle and the New York Times. Results further indicated those who read more than 15 minutes of news online per day believed the Star to be less accurate and less believable than those who read less news online. Differences in the believability and accuracy rankings were greater when the other three newspapers were considered. Star readers who spent more than 15 minutes reading news online per day were more skeptical about the Eagle, Chronicle and Times than those who read less than 15 minutes. The Star’s readers gave the newspaper very high believability and accuracy ratings. Star reader’s views differ from national trends. National surveys showed low credibility ratings for all forms of media with declines over the last decade until there was a small increase in 2010 results. Future research should examine both subscribers to other newspapers and nonsubscribers in rural areas to determine if the believability ratings in national studies are indicative of the public’s attitudes simply toward larger media outlets and not the newspaper industry overall.

Advisor: Linda Shipley

]]> Burton Speakman THE PUBLIC SERVICE ROLE OF THE LOCAL PENSACOLA MASS MEDIA DURING HURRICANE IVAN http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/16 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/16 Mon, 28 Nov 2011 06:37:53 PST During disasters, residents from impacted areas need information to help them respond to and cope with the destruction. The local media play an important role in providing this disaster related information to their community. This is especially true during major disasters which knock out electrical power and information distribution channels and make it difficult for residents to receive mediated information. While the public’s informational needs vary from disaster to disaster, some disasters such as hurricanes provide the media opportunities to provide information that can help the public prepare for the disaster, respond to the disaster, and recover from the disaster. Hurricane Ivan, which made its first U.S. landfall on September 16, 2004, provided such opportunities to the Pensacola media organizations. For a case study of this event, the Escambia County Public Information Officer and 17 Pensacola media professionals representing 13 local media organizations that participated in Hurricane Ivan coverage were interviewed about their experiences during the disaster. These interviews included personnel from print, television, and radio organizations. While not every Pensacola media organization got involved in this hurricane coverage, these interviews show that those that did were committed to providing an important public service to Pensacola’s residents by giving them the information they needed during each of the three stages of preparation, response, and recovery. None of these organizations were able to single-handedly meet all of the public’s informational needs, but they each contributed in important ways. It was the combined efforts of the local media—sometimes through formal arrangements with each other—that provided the necessary information to Pensacola residents throughout the disaster.

]]> Chad D. Morehead Does Trust Really Matter? A Quantitative Study of College Students' Trust and Use of News Media http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/15 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/journalismdiss/15 Wed, 27 Jul 2011 06:46:07 PDT Media polls reveal that trust in news media has been on the decline in recent years and so is the consumption of news. This quantitative study reveals no significant correlation between overall trust and use of news media. It finds that college students have more trust in traditional news sources and view TV as their most important news source. Yet they are more likely to seek out a future news event from online news sources, despite having less trust in them. Results indicate that social media sources, such as Facebook and Twitter, are used as frequent sources for news and the correlations between trust and use of social media sources for news are generally stronger than those of other news sources. This study suggests that news outlet may seek to gain more users of this demographic not by (re-)gaining their trust but by diversifying their news content so that it is more easily accessible and consumable by college students.

]]> Soo Hui Lee