DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln

Decision support for the career field selection process at the US Air Force Academy

Andrew P. Armacost — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 11:47:19 PST

Each year, the US Air Force Academy graduates nearly 1000 young men and women. To support the decision of which cadets will be classified into which career fields, we describe a linear programming formulation with appealing computational properties that enable it as the core of a decision support tool. We explore methods for measuring and balancing cadets' class standing, Air Force career field requirements, and cadets' career field preferences in the context of this model. Our computational experiments demonstrate the improvement of this method over previous classification approaches, yielding more than 10% increase in the number of cadets assigned to their top career field choice and yielding nearly a 100% reduction in the number of cadets not receiving any of their career field choices. We also explore alternative methods for measuring cadets' career field preferences and demonstrate the positive effect of the new measurement scheme on the overall classification. Because of the short running time of this model, it will serve as a flexible, real-time component of the Academy's classification process.

Address Given by the Director of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service

Steve Williams — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 11:37:50 PST

As the theme of this conference implies, it often pays to look back, before moving forward. Theodore Roosevelt was a legendary, national, conservation leader. Throughout his life, he embodied the spirit of the original conservationist. An avid outdoorsman, he enjoyed hunting and fishing. He recognized the detrimental impact of market hunting and the reckless attitudes that led to the disappearance of the great buffalo herds and to the extinction of the passenger pigeon.

Evolution of a Field Biologist

Karen A. Smith — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 11:34:31 PST

In My Double Life, biologist Frances Hamerstrom reveals her evolution from an affluent childhood in early 1900s Boston to a rugged and spirited field biologist. She writes in first person with short, easy-reading chapters about her life, generally in chronological order from childhood to present. The anecdotes are concise, witty, and spiced with humor in her characteristic, blissful confidence. There are many unique black-and-white photographs reproduced, as well as pen-and-ink illustrations mostly by her artist-daughter, Elva Hamerstrom Paulson. Half of the book's chapters are borrowed from earlier works, in particular her award-winning Strictly for the Chickens (1980). This new book complements several more-or-Iess autobiographic works by presenting Hamerstrom's childhood adventures and exploits. Toward its closing, the book finds her in her mid-80s exploring primitive worlds by travelling with Pygmies and Indians in Africa and South America.

Out-of-Season Births of Elk Calves in Wyoming

Bruce L. Smith — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 11:30:18 PST

ive out-of-season births of Rocky Mountain elk were documented over a 24-month period at the National Elk Refuge, Wyoming. One of four November neonates was radio-instrumented and subsequently died seven days later due to hypothermia. An April-born calf was killed by a coyote. Supplemental winter feeding of elk at the Refuge may increase the frequency of asynchronous reproduction.

Information Technology and Online Resources in Dental College Libraries of Haryana

Chetan Sharma — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 11:24:42 PST

Information technology (IT) plays an essential role in academic libraries. The presence of quality IT resources affects the status of the library. The present study describes the availability of IT infrastructure and online resources in dental college libraries of Haryana State, India, and highlights the causes, problems, and solutions in application IT.

H. Albert Hochbaum: A Man Not Forgotten

Jerome R. Serie — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 11:20:54 PST

This book is a posthumous collection of essays by Al Hochbaum, compiled and edited by his son George, and is a unique blend of classic literary pose and artistry. It is colorfully illustrated with brilliant photographs by two of the best waterfowl photographers, Jack A. Barrie and Glen D. Chambers. Hochbaum's painting of a canvasback flight over Delta Marsh graces the frontispiece and several of his pen-and-ink sketches are scattered throughout. Both the foreword, by Gene Bossenmaier, and the introduction, by George Hochbaum, pay tribute to Hochbaum' s dedication to waterfowl, his immense talents, and a lifetime of accomplishment. Hans Albert Hochbaum, known by many as "Man of the Marsh," died in March 1988.

A Northeast Dairy Perspective of Farming and Conservation

Carl W. Schwartz — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 10:56:15 PST

An oxcart brought Colonel John Randall the 300 or so miles from Stonington, Connecticut, to Pharsalia, New York, to build the first house in town in 1797. The lands were wooded with mixed northern hardwoods (beech, birch, maple) growing in thin rocky soils. By 1875, when Berthier Mathewson, farmer and justice of the peace, owned the property, nearly 70 percent of the 23,458 acres in Pharsalia had been improved, leaving only 7,651 acres wooded. Gross sales of farm products that year totaled $71,382 and, aside from a couple of merchants, a hotel keeper and a saw mill, farming was the dominant occupation of the 1,103 residents.

Where the Sky Began

James W. Ruwalt — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 10:51:07 PST

"My own feeling for tallgrass prairie is that of modem man fallen in love with the face in a faded tintype. Only the frame is still real; the rest is illusion and dream. So it is with the original prairie. The beautiful face of it had faded before I was born, before I had a chance to touch and feel it, and all that I have known of the prairie is the setting and mood-that broad sky of pure and intense light, with a sort of loftiness to the days, and the young prairie-born winds running past me from open horizons."

Wood Duck Population Expansion in Northern Montana

Dwain M. Prellwitz — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 10:42:44 PST

We monitored wood duck (Aix sponsa) population expansion into the Milk River Valley in north central Montana during 1975-1993. First -ever observations of wood ducks in isolated pairs or groups occurred on or near the Milk River in Blaine, Phillips, and Valley counties during 1975-1979. Broods seen east of Nelson Reservoir in 1975 and near Malta in 1980 were the first-ever verification of production in this area. Natural pioneering was supplemented with the transplanting of 35 first-year wood ducks near Dodson and at Bowdoin National Wildlife Refuge (NWR) in August 1980. Wood duck population expansion into tributaries of the Milk River occurred during 1985-1987, and at Bowdoin NWR during 1988-1990.

Raptor Nesting Chronology in Northwestern North Dakota

Robert K. Murphy — Fri, 06 Nov 2009 10:33:35 PST

Nesting chronology of raptors is sparsely documented in North Dakota. During 1981-94, we determined hatching dates at 298 nest attempts by eight species of raptors on and within 10 km of Lostwood National Wildlife Refuge, northwestern North Dakota. Mean hatching dates for most common species were 17 April for great horned owl (Bubo virginianus)(SD = 8.4 days, n = 70 nests), 1 June for red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis)(7.3, 99), 19 June for northern harrier (Circus cyaneus)(11.1, 37), 24 June for Cooper's hawk (Accipiter cooperii)(4.6, 19), and 27 June for Swainson's hawk (B. swainsoni)(6.8, 45). For six of eight species examined, egg or nestling dates were earlier or later than previously recorded in North Dakota. Overall, a relatively late chronology was suggested.

Observations of Red-Tailed Hawks Capturing Wild Ducks in North Dakota

Robert K. Murphy — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 14:15:51 PST

Ducks (Anserifonnes; Anatinae) are preyed on by red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis) in the northern Great Plains of North America, yet I found no published, direct observations of captures of wild ducks by red-tailed hawks in the region. I made the following observations in south central Burke County, northwestern North Dakota.

Gray Wolf Status in North Dakota

Daniel S. Licht — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:59:09 PST

Recent occurrences and reports of gray wolves (Canis lupus) in North Dakota have generated public interest and created demands on management agencies. We summarized reports of wolves in North Dakota received from the public and government personnel, and evaluated suitability of habitat for wolves. We suggest that in recent years dispersing wolves have sporadically occurred in all quarters of the state except the southwest, and non-dispersing wolves have occurred in the Turtle Mountains region in north-central North Dakota. Habitat data from the 1,500 km2 Turtle Mountains physiographic region, bisected by the North Dakota/Manitoba border, suggest the potential for occasional to frequent wolf presence.

Plant Identification for the Rio Grande Delta

William P. Kuvlesky, Jr. — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:41:54 PST

The Rio Grande Delta of Texas is one of the most diverse ecological areas in Texas. The area is favorite among ornithologists due to the presence of many species that winter there or migrate through the area. Similarly, the Delta harbors several rare mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and a host of invertebrates, which are found nowhere else in North America. Most ecologists attribute this unique faunal diversity to the great variety of vegetation that characterizes the Rio Grande Delta. Accurately identifying the vegetation is therefore an important aspect of field research performed in the region.

Neotropical Migratory Birds

Stephanie L. Jones — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:38:19 PST

This book is a follow-up synthesis to a meeting held in Estes Park, Colorado, in 1992, by Partners in Flight - Aves de Americas. An earlier volume, edited by Finch and P. W. Stangel (USDA Forest Service General Technical Report RM-229, 1993) included most of the papers presented at that meeting. This book is a carefully edited synthesis of some of the issues that arose from an increased interest in neotropical migratory birds. As with most compilations, it is a little uneven in coverage and quality, but generally it is a excellent overview of the issues and a guide to particular concerns of the specialist. Overall, the organization is excellent and the papers are well-researched and presented.

The Influence of Sylvatic Plague on North American Wildlife at the Landscape Level, with Special Emphasis on Black-footed Ferret and Prairie Dog Conservation

Michael F. Antolin — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:31:01 PST

"Prairie-dogs are distributed over a large part of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain regions. Their colonies often number thousands of individuals, and their destruction of grasses and other forage plants makes them of considerable economic importance. Drastic measures are frequently necessary to prevent the destruction of crops of grain and hay. The Biological Survey is exterminating these rodents in national forests and in the public domain. The information in this report, in regards to the several species and their distribution, as indicated by maps, will aid materially in efforts, national or state, to control or exterminate them," said Henry W. Henshaw in 1915 (Hollister 1916).

Native Habitats of the Twin Cities Area

Craig A. Faanes — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:25:13 PST

European settlers and their descendants have left an indelible mark on the landscape of most of the Nation, especially near major population centers. Responding to the dramatic changes in landscape, conservation biologists find themselves scurrying to save a bit of the once bountiful diversity. But before steps can be taken to protect remaining resources, a thorough inventory of the land and its resources is required.

Nesting Piping Plover and Least Tern on the Kansas River

William H. Busby — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:22:29 PST

A portion of the Kansas River in northeastern Kansas was surveyed by boat and air in 1996 and 1997 for nesting colonies of piping plover (Charadrius melodus) and least tern (Sterna antillarum). Both species were found breeding on sandbars at a total of five sites along a 30-km reach of the Kansas River. In 1996, at least two breeding pair of piping plovers and seven breeding pair of least terns were documented. In 1997, at least one pair of piping plovers and five pairs of least terns bred. These are the first known breeding records for the piping plover in Kansas and the first breeding records for the least tern on the Kansas River. We suspect that breeding habitat for these species increased after heavy flooding in 1993 scoured riparian vegetation and created new sandbars. Such flood events are now rare on the Kansas River because much of the flow in the basin is controlled by impoundments constructed since the 1950's.

Avian Vacuolar Myelinopathy: A Newly Recognized Fatal Neurological Disease of Eagles, Waterfowl and Other Birds

John R. Fischer — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:09:29 PST

Since 1994, wildlife biologists and wildlife health specialists have worked to determine the cause of avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM), a neurologic disease of bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and other birds. The causes of morbidity and mortality in wildlife typically are determined through both antemortem and postmortem examinations, combined with ancillary tests for microbiological organisms, toxicants and other etiologies. However, the etiology of AVM has not been determined yet, despite extensive diagnostic investigations, including examinations for common disease agents, as well as infrequent or unusual causes of mortality. With the failure of standard diagnostic testing to determine the cause of AVM, investigations have evolved to include an ecosystem-oriented approach, conducted through the collaborative efforts of numerous state and federal wildlife resource agencies, universities, private foundations and other institutions.

Aquatic Biota of Bank Stabilization Structures on the Missouri River, North Dakota

Ralph M. Burress — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 13:09:28 PST

Biological and physical data were collected from nine habitats on the Missouri River near Washburn, North Dakota. Sampling was conducted from mid-July to mid-October 1979 to compare the relative values of the habitats for fish and macroinvertebrates.

Tracing the Archetypal Academic Librarian

Stephen E. Bales — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 11:44:15 PST

This paper analyzes the available evidence to develop a model of the archetypal academic librarian. It compares three periods to do so: (1) pre-Alexandrian Mesopotamian information institutions, focusing on the seventh century BCE Library of Assurbanipal (considered by many scholars to be the first universal or national library), (2) the Great Library of Alexandria (hereafter referred to as "the Library"), and (3) the twenty-first century American academic library. While the basic functions of the librarian have remained constant over thousands of years, one critical element, however, is missing as an integral element of modern academic librarianship, the creation of new theoretical knowledge through scholarship on the part of the librarians.

Devising a Classification Scheme for Islam: Opinions of LIS and Islamic Studies Scholars

Haroon Idrees — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 10:54:09 PST

Libraries use classification systems to arrange library materials in a logical order and provide users better access. Formal structured classification systems have been developed for this purpose. Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC), Charles Ammi Cutter's Expansive Classification (EC), The Subject Classification (SC) of James Duff Brown, Library of Congress Classification (LCC), Universal Decimal Classification (UDC), Henry E. Bliss's Bibliographic Classification (BC), and S. R. Ranganathan's Colon Classification (CC) are internationally known standard library classification systems. All these systems lack proper placement and coverage of materials being published on topics relevant to Islam. Islam is an area of extensive publication activity. Therefore, libraries with rich collections on Islam face the problem of classification. In response of this problem, different libraries have adopted different types of practices and systems. This trend has created problems of access and retrieval for the users of these collections. This study was conducted to address this problem. Scholars in library and information science and scholars in Islamic studies were selected as participants. Their opinions on potential solutions of the problem along with ways to coordination among stakeholders have been analysed.

Essential Writing Tools for Building a Scholarly Foundation in Higher Education

Kelli R. Paquette — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 10:54:07 PST

The art of writing for publication is an intimidating concept for many beginning, tenure-track professors. This article is written to outline the essential writing tools for building a successful scholarly foundation in higher education. Writing ideas, such as identifying a topic and getting started, understanding the traits of high-quality writing, collaborating with colleagues, reviewing the literature and journals, and revising and resubmitting, are discussed. Just as knowledgeable contractors understand how tools work and can use the appropriate ones for various building tasks; scholarly writers must understand the required tools for high-quality intellectual writing and use those tools on a daily basis to add important, scholarly written material to their professional fields of study.

Metadata for Plant Seeds: Taxonomy, Standards, Issues, and Impact

Erin Wilson — Thu, 05 Nov 2009 09:49:19 PST

A growing awareness of the importance of biodiversity has brought international attention to seed collecting, saving, and information sharing. Scientists are continually learning more about seeds at the most basic biological level, and this new knowledge is raising questions about the taxonomic systems scientists have used since the 1700s. Contemporary seed metadata is a complex and diverse area for study.This begins by looking at the taxonomic systems employed by botanists and discussing current trends and issues in that area of seed metadata. The most prominent seed metadata standards are examined. Third, the emerging field of bioinformatics is addressed, and the impact of biodiversity impact on seed metadata is explored by looking at the major seed collecting and saving organizations and projects.

Organizational Communication for Organizational Climate and Quality Service in Academic Libraries

J. A. Bolarinwa — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 12:41:16 PST

Librarians spend most of their time engaging in some form of communication. This paper article highlights practical approaches, suggestions, and explanations of effective communication in academic libraries. It suggests ways of improving the academic library services through appropriate communication techniques.

Distribution and Mortality of Saskatchewan-Banded White-Fronted Geese

Harvey W. Miller — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 11:19:08 PST

At its annual spring meeting in 1959 the Technical Committee of the Central Flyway Council recognized a decreased population of the white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons). The recorded harvest in Canada and the United States had exceeded the estimated wintering population in some years. After summarizing records for the Central and Mississippi Flyways the Committee found them inadequate for management and to help fill this void, recommended banding on local concentration areas including Saskatchewan.

The Sharp-Tailed Grouse in Nebraska

Leonard Sisson — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 11:14:30 PST

The plains sharp-tailed grouse (Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesii) is one of four species of grouse (Family Tetraonidae) found in Nebraska. The other species are the greater prairie chicken (Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus), sage grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus), and ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus). The plains sharp-tailed grouse is one of six subspecies of Pedioecetes found in North America (Aldrich 1963). Closely related to the sharptail, the greater prairie chicken occupies similar habitat. Although in different genera, the two species hybridize where their ranges overlap Oohnsgard 1968). Because of the similarities, the two species were often confused in historical accounts. Both species are commonly referred to as "prairie grouse."

Game Ranching: Boon or Bane?

Bruce Morrison — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 11:06:48 PST

The title of today' s session is Game Ranching: Boon or Bane? What do we mean by game ranching? For today' s discussions, we will look at the raising of traditional wildlife species, both native and exotic, behind high-wire fences for economic return. Many years ago, this was considered a Texas problem and most state wildlife agencies did not pay much attention to the growing trend of fencing large acreages to hold wildlife captive. It was contrary to the traditional view of game management and many thought that it was just a passing fad. Today, there are thousands of captive wildlife operations with tens of thousands of wild animals held captive behind high-wire fencing. What began as a hobby by a few landowners has grown into a multi-million dollar industry that, at times, has negative impacts on native wildlife management.

Channing Pollock: the American Theatre's Forgotten Polemicist

William Grange — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 10:37:28 PST

Channing Pollock (1880-1946) is an obscure figure in the American theatre, whose well-structured plays reflected the quixotic idealism of their creator, his firm belief in traditional values, and his sense of moral urgency. His obscurity is unwarranted, for he was the foremost theatrical polemicist of his day, and the quality of his work far surpasses that of other, more well known polemicists such as John Howard Lawson or George Sklar. Moreoever, he was associated in the performance of his plays with some of the most talented and noteworthy production personnel the theatre in New York City has ever seen.

The Theatrical Concession System in Prussia, 1811-1869

William Grange — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 10:34:23 PST

In 1869, the Prussian House of Deputies passed a law that transformed theatre practice in Berlin and other Prussian cities. When the newly unified Germany came into being two years later, the 1869 law became the legal order of business for all theatres within the new Reich. That law, called the Gewerbefreiheit Gesetz (Freedom to Engage in Business Act), put an end to the way theatre had formerly been produced, dissolving the concession system that had been in operation for decades previous; it also terminated a tradition that had functioned for centuries, both in Prussia and in nearly all other German-speaking states. Yet few students of the German theatre - not to mention students of the theatre in general-are familiar with the concession system, ramifications of the 1869 law that discontinued it, nor with conditions prior to 1869 contributing to the law's enactment. This essay is an attempt to provide historical scrutiny to, and broader familiarity with, personalities and procedures involved in nineteenth-century Prussian theatre production during the decades preceding formation of the Wilhelmine Empire.

Hitler's "Whiff of Champagne": Curt Goetz and Celebrity in the Third Reich

William Grange — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 10:31:54 PST

Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist German Workers' Party were obsessed with keeping the German theatre tradition vital and maintaining Berlin as a "cultural metropolis" after Hitler's appointment as Reich Chancellor on 30 January 1933. Upholding a dynamic and energetic cultural life for the nation was a task for which National Socialism, as a political movement embodying the "will of the people," felt itself eminently well qualified. The Nazis, therefore, began almost as soon as they took over the reins of government in Germany to support theatre as an art form and theatres as institutions to an extent unprecedented in German history. Though they had condemned much of the comedy prevalent in the Weimar Republic as decadent and perverse, they had no desire to remove comedy from German stages, but rather to reform it completely; indeed, they assigned comedy an important role in the task of "re-awakening the spirit of the people" because comedy "came from the heart." It "sprang from the depths of the peoples' roots as a nation, and it unites us as a people," according to one cultural panjandrum in a 1936 treatise titled "Culture in Service to the Nation," by Wilhelm Westecker. Westecker went on to demand that German comedy of the future should resemble that of either Hans Sachs in sixteenth-century Nuremberg or Ferdinand Raimund in nineteenth- century Vienna. The "new Germany," he said, needed a new kind of comedy, one distinct from the "civilized filth" of comedies popular in the Weimar Republic. That kind of comedy (one based on improbable situations and distinguished by witty dialogue) was not only filthy, another critic remarked; it had occasioned "enormous damage to the integrity of the German people" because it exposed "life-sustaining values" to "cheap, easy laughter."

Choices of Evil: Brecht's Modernism in the Work with Eisler and Dessau

William Grange — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 10:29:00 PST

Brecht wanted composers of music for his mature work who were capable of creating an idiom complementary to his own modernist ideas of theatrical performance. That idiom he called "gestic" music, the kind capable of "conveying particular attitudes adopted by the speaker towards other men" [bestimmte Haltungen des Sprechenden anzeigt, die dieser anderen Menschen gegen�ber einnimmt]. When playing a fascist, for example, the actor was not merely to present the character's pompousness; he or she was to illustrate a political stance toward that pompousness. Nor was the actor to reveal layers of the character's motivation, like girls in Broadway burlesque shows who peeled away layers of clothing to reveal their bodies. Rather, the actor must instead be free, as Walter Benjamin phrased it, "to act artistically out of character." [Der Schauspieler solI sich die M�glichkeit vorbehalten, mit Kunst aus der Rolle zu fallen.] Brecht's conception of "attitude" [Haltung] in acting paralleled his conception of music; both were rooted in his rejection of nineteenth-century aesthetic values. Those values had animated the illusionistic devices of the Meininger style and later, the Stanislavsky "system," whose strictures against portraying attitudes and the search for "objective truth" in character were hallmarks of the Moscow Art Theater. Although Brecht admired some aspects of Stanislavsky's theater (e.g., accurate observation of human behavior, ensemble playing, and rigorous training for actors), and later even claimed to have studied the Russian master, he rejected the illusionism and the psychological orientation upon which the "system" was based. To Brecht it was a nineteenth-century relic, hopelessly outmoded, "un-Marxist, and reactionary."

Management of Change in Cataloguing: A Survey of Practices in Covenant University and University of Lagos, Nigeria

Felicia Yusuf — Wed, 04 Nov 2009 09:53:28 PST

This study examined the management of change in cataloguing practices in Covenant University and University of Lagos , Nigeria. Thirty-five respondents who were current cataloguers and those who had worked as cataloguers were purposively sampled for the study. A descriptive survey method using a self-constructed questionnaire was used. Results showed that there have been major changes in cataloguing practices among cataloguers in these institutions over the years (online cataloguing, cataloguing of internet & electronic files, copy-cataloguing, different metadata structures, introduction of OPAC etc). Other major findings revealed by the study include: the involvement of non-professionals in cataloguing practices, there is little or no form of resource-sharing among cataloguers in the two libraries. The study concluded that cataloguing practices have witnessed radical transformations over the years as a result of the introduction of ICT. It recommended funding the libraries through corporate social responsibility initiatives as a departure from total dependence on government funding. Also, libraries should ensure that their bibliographical records are visible on the web. This forms the basis for the crystallization of true virtual library.

Vol. 6, No. 1, pp 1-48

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 14:12:39 PST

Vol. 5, No. 4, pp 141-200

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 14:04:45 PST

Savage Spiritualism

Hutton Webster — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 14:00:18 PST

Modem spiritualism has been described by Professor E. B. Tylor as in large measure a direct revival of savage superstition and peasant folklore.

The Oregon Recruit Expedition

Albert Watkins — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:57:45 PST

The object of early travel from the Missouri River to the region beyond the Rocky Mountains was, first, exploration, as in the example of the expeditions of Lewis and Clark and Fremont; second, trapping and trading; third, the colonization of Oregon; fourth, the reaching of the California and intra-montane gold mines; fifth, the transportation of soldiers and military supplies for the protection of these enterprises from hostile Indians. Prior to the period of transcontinental railroad-building there were several rival experimental routes to the northerly part of those regions and more particularly to Oregon; but the Platte River route, known as the Oregon trail, gained supremacy during the decade of 1830-1840 and held it until the opening of the Pacific roads north of the first (Union Pacific) line divided the traffic. The military department of the federal government, including its engineers, had faith in the superiority of upper routes while the general traffic persistently preferred the Platte route. In this test native instinct and experiment seem to have been wiser than science unassisted by experimental knowledge.

The Modern Ideal of Culture

Edward A. Thurber — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:55:56 PST

A definition of modern culture as something realised and actual ought not to be too elusive, especially as it can be spoken of in concrete terms. It is possible to point to certain men and say, "There are cultivated men; the qualities they possess evidently go to make up culture." By way of approach, suppose we recall Matthew Arnold's sentence: "Notwithstanding the mighty results of the Pilgrim Fathers' voyage, they and their standard of perfection are rightly judged when we figure to ourselves Shakespeare or Virgil - souls in whom sweetness and light, and all that in human nature is most humane, were eminent-accompanying them on their voyage, and think what intolerable company Shakespeare and Virgil would have found them!"

College Study of English

Alfred D. Sheffield — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:53:51 PST

College study, as we judge it by the quality of intellectual leaven that our young graduates bring into society, is still a theme of discontent. In particular, we feel that the college study of literature and of the literary medium foments no genuine social demand for books and writing of the highest scholarly and reflective type. The criticisms voicing this discontent, it is true, often imply unreasonable expectations as to what the college can achieve with studies elective and students not particularly elect. "We require it to do all sorts of things for all sorts of people, and then wonder why it misses doing an ideal sort of thing for a special sort of people." But the discontent springs from a sound conviction that the college, after all, has a central cultural aim, and we can sift the unjust criticism from the just only by giving that aim a sound definition.

Poetry and Archaeology

Robert Shafer — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:51:09 PST

Undoubtedly archaeology is a strange word for anyone to be using in connection with the poetry of men like Mr. Masefield or Mr. Gibson; and probably it were well to explain immediately what I mean in using it. Unless I am much mistaken, both archaeology, in the ordinary sense of the word, and naturalism were born of that prolific mother of strange children, the Romantic Movement. And more than this, besides having the same mother the two are so remarkably alike as to make me suspect that they must be twins.

The Russian Merchant Marine

Edwin Maxey — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:48:58 PST

The rise of the Russian merchant marine is more intimately bound up with national politics than is that of any other of the merchant marines of the world. It will be necessary, therefore, in discussing its development, to call attention to the political conditions which furnished the impetus to the development of the merchant fleets of Russia. The subject, in other words, is not purely a business one, but is in part political.

Socrates and the Street Car

Horace M. Kallen — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:46:20 PST

It was at half past ten in the morning that they took me down to the operating room, weary with pain and numb with morphine. Upon my closed eyes I felt, for an instant, the soft, cool touch of the doctor's hand, succeeded immediately after by the warmth and woolliness of gauze and by the pressure of the rubber hood over my nose and chin. I wriggled a moment, coughed, and the pressure vanished. When it came again it brought with it the pungent sweetness of ether. I breathed deep, gasped and breathed deeper, gasped again and pumped for breath, my mouth open and my ears ringing.

The Revolution in Portugal

Guernsey Jones — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:42:09 PST

The lower classes in Portugal, particularly in the country, are as hard working, sober, peaceable, and well-mannered a people as one could hope to find. They are, however, incredibly ignorant. To me it was a joy and wonder to find in Lisbon that the servants could not tell time by the clock, and that they thought the French tongue was merely an impediment of speech. I twas a temptation never before dreamed of and triumphantly endured, to discover that the washerwoman would accept with childlike faith whatever was offered her because she could not count money. As for reading and writing, they are -to these simple people something like miracles of cleverness.

The Mystery of Pain

Robert Johnston — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:40:32 PST

One great mystery which confronts all men, as they contemplate this universe, is the mystery of pain. The problem is universal in its extent, for although there are the very few who claim never to have known a moment of sickness, the natural processes of their existence are inevitably accompanied by physical suffering in a greater or less degree, and pain is claiming its own among those with whom they come in daily contact, while the greater number of them have felt its iron hand upon themselves. Naturally an explanation is demanded. The eternal "why" rises from millions of hearts, who can not follow Leibnitz in his theory of the best possible world, or Malebranche when he asserts that it is the best conceivable.

Professorial Ethics

Edgar L. Hinman — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:37:19 PST

We are aware that a lawyer, by the very nature of his profession, comes into peculiar relations with his clients, and therefore with other lawyers, with the courts, and with the outside world. By reason of the trust that is reposed in him, there are many things which he might do in an underhand way to gain personal advantage. All this, however, has been in some degree rectified by the development of a code of professional ethics, of such character that the man who offends against it is damaged by a certain loss of caste. The physician, in like manner, has to a marked degree the trust and the ear of his patients; and he might gain many an unfair advantage, either by betraying the confidences of his patients or by using his opportunity to foster damaging estimates concerning the skill of other physicians, his natural rivals. But here again the code of professional ethics becomes clear and explicit. The honorable man is thus warned concerning the things which he should not do by reason of his peculiar professional situation; and the man of less keen moral susceptibilities may even feel as a threat the strong class consciousness that is in this way called into action.

Vol. 4, No. 3, pp 93-140

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:35:52 PST

Vol. 5, No. 2, pp 45-92

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:35:50 PST

Legislation by the Courts

W. G. Hastings — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:33:41 PST

It is remarkable that in this second century of the republic our courts should be so vehemently assailed for interference in legislation. One who knew of our duplex governments only by study of their written constitutions would open his eyes when told that there is any such thing under them as legislation by the courts. The citizen of Nebraska lives under a constitution which devotes an entire article to declaring, not only that the executive, legislative, and judicial departments of its state government are and must be kept distinct, but that no person in anyone of them, except as specially authorized, shall exercise powers properly belonging to another department. The federal constitution does not go quite so far. It merely provides that "all legislative power" shall be vested in Congress, "the executive power" in a President, and "the judicial power" in one supreme court and such inferior ones as Congress shall provide, each in a separate article of that venerated instrument.

Old Solutions of a New Problem

Edwin Ray Guthrie — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:24:33 PST

When King David said in his haste that all men are liars, was he led to acknowledge the hastiness of his remark through reflection on its logical consequences? If he were, he showed commendable delicacy in taking for granted that we should see what the logicians insistently point out, that it must follow that he himself could not be believed. Reflection on this problem of verbal paradox has led some of the logicians, as well as the Psalmist, to wonder whether they have not made haste too rapidly. The paradox of the" Liar" is still with us; but modern writers, less hurried than David, usually state it in a form which leaves their own credibility beside the question and ponders only that of Epimenides the Cretan, our authority for the statement that all Cretans are liars. But with the most recent work in logic the comfort of so disinterested a position shows signs of forsaking us. Some of the solutions of this paradox begin to involve our right to make any statement about truth or logic and then claim that the statement itself is true or is logical. So Mr. Bertrand Russell would have us grant that no statement can contain any reference to itself, and that when we wish to assert, "All propositions have subject and predicate" or "Truth is relative," then our statements themselves cannot be propositions or be truth within the meaning of their subjects; nothing has been said, he asserts, about the statements in which our thought is couched.

Formal Logic and Logical Form

Edwin Ray Guthrie — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:22:48 PST

Last year Dr. F. C. S. Schiller published Formal Logic, a Scientific and Social Problem, - a critical text-book, he calls it in the preface, that will teach logic" in a critical spirit and with a minimum of pedantry and reverence for forms." This object is so thoroughly fulfilled - at the end of the four hundred pages the criticism has been so searching and insistent and the reverence for forms so truly a minimum that formal logic seems to be a complete ruin, and the only scientific problem left at the end is how men ever came to build it, and the only social problem what logicians will now do for a living. All that seems to be open to them is to act as guides for the curious who wish to inspect the remains of their subject.

Vol. 2, No. 3, pp 99-148

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:19:59 PST

Vol. 3, No. 3, pp 104-142

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:19:56 PST

Vol. 3, No. 4, pp 143-186

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:19:54 PST

Vol. 4, No. 1, pp 1-48

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:19:52 PST

Vol. 4, No. 2, pp 49-92

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:19:50 PST

Literature as a Fine Art

S. B. Gass — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:15:02 PST

"The art of reasoning," says one of Wordsworth's eminent eulogists, "even the art of coherent speech, was to the poet a kind of art of lying." "The whole energy of his mind was spent to reunite what men had put asunder, to fuse in holy passion the differences that are invented by the near-sighted activities of the discriminating human intellect." "The unsophisticated perceptions and thoughts of children and of the peasantry, of half-witted human creatures and of the animals that are nearer to earth than we, lent him a more rompanionable guidance [than his own intellect and] to these spiritual directors he submitted his heart in humble reverence and gratitude. "

The Comedy of the Arts College

S. B. Gass — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:12:41 PST

The Arts College - the Arts College. There is without doubt a savour of feebleness and effeminacy in the phrase. And on the countenance of the college itself there is beginoing to appear the intense and baffled look of the subject of comedy. It is beginning to pay the price of its court of the current romantic eccentricity, of its wanderings from its ancient concern for the larger visions of the human spirit. In its older allegiance it had stood in the midst of the chaos of life, stably anchored in the flux, offering to those who came to it that detached, clarified vision and perspective to which it itself had attained. Its point of view was neither wholly resthetic, like our modern romanticism, reveling in sensuous reaction to the drift of phenomena; nor wholly intellectualistic, like our modern science, throwing out of count the intangible elements of the human consciousness with its emotions and affections and its spontaneous intuitions; nor was it temporal, like our modern vocationalism,concerning itself with the practical affairs of making a living. It was humane. It had reached the center. It saw life steadily and wholly, for it had attained to a point of view from which to orientate the chaos.

The Intrusions of Science

S. B. Gass — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:10:33 PST

It is not infrequently related that human arrogance was sadly but not unjustly rebuked by Darwin and the evolutionary science of the Nineteenth Century. And indeed from the point of view of pure science there was arrogance in an assumption that the enveloping intelligence of the universe looked upon mankind as its terminus ad quem to which all parts were subordinate--in an assumption that men were made in the likeness of an over-ruling power that worked by ways which, paradoxically, even that likeness was fain to call mysterious and incomprehensible. Science seemed to make these ways less mysterious, less incomprehensible; but the price paid was a fall of that pride of place. The biological continuity of man in the hierarchy of the beasts that perish was a little hard to bear, and it had to be borne.

Literature and Criticism

P. H. Frye — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:08:08 PST

In these days of "scientific method," when there is so little literary activity of a genuinely critical sort, it is a good deal easier to say in what such activity does not, than in what it does, consist. That literary criticism is not identical with a study of words or language, or yet of texts or "documents"; that it is not to be confounded with philology or with the exploration of origins or derivations, or the investigation of manuscripts, or a determination of the details of literary history-all this ought. to be reasonably clear on the face of it, and when stated in so many words, would probably be conceded even by those who have done most to cause the present confusion. That such subjects and pursuits are very interesting, very important in the� way, there is no gainsaying. The study of etymology alone has been of great, if indirect, assistance in the comprehension of literature, although to an hundred etymologists there is probably no more than one good critic. But still literature is something more than words and lives with another life than theirs; they are but the appurtenances, and neither phonology nor phonetics will ever furnish the basis for a satisfactory criticism of literature, any more than a chemistry of pigments will suffice for a criticism of painting.

German Romanticism

P. H. Frye — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:05:01 PST

The German romantic movement was the result of defective culture, of bodily and mental derangement, of spiritual and nervous disorder. It is a work of degeneration, deformation, and disease. And it bears on its front the stigmata of its infirmities - absurdity, folly, inanity, and confusion. There is Hardenberg, the pattern of the school, who falls in love with a chit of thirteen and at her death a year or so later dedicates himself to the grave, an unblemished sacrifice of love, unblighted by sickness, violence, or sorrow, the cheerful victim of his own regret. In the meanwhile he begins a new era and dates his note-books from the epoch of her decease.

Lincoln and Hamlet

Daniel Kilham Dodge — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 13:02:01 PST

It is now pretty generally known that Abraham Lincoln, whose schooling, according to his own statement, amounted in all to somewhat less than a year, was not only a steady reader and admirer of Shakespeare but also one of the keenest critics of some of the tragedies. His brief remarks on the opening lines of Richard III, protesting against the rhetorical rendering so dear to most actors, are not surpassed, for insight and sympathy, by the best criticism of Lamb and Coleridge, and his expressed preference for Claudius's soliloquy to the more famous "To be or not to be," shows the courage of true conviction, quite uninfluenced by the conventional view. That Lincoln took his Shakespeare to heart is clearly shown by the pathetic story of his reading the lines of Constance on Prince Arthur and his application of the mother's grief to his own recent bereavement in the death of Willie. His several references to Hamlet's reflections on fate, occurring especially in conversations, are still more characteristic; and it is this, the most popular of Shakespeare's tragedies - with the possible exception of Lincoln's favorite, Macbeth - which suggests the following comparison.

Bonneval Pasha

A. I. DU P. Coleman — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:57:53 PST

When, a few months ago, the Turks crumpled up helplessly before the fierce onslaught of their hereditary foes, there must have been some among them well enough acquainted with the history of their country to wish for at least one hour of the brilliant Frenchman who, almost two centuries earlier, came to place his sword at their disposal and ended his life as a Pasha of three tails in Constantinople. His strange career was then the talk of an amazed and fascinated Europe; now, there will probably be few of those who chance upon these pages to whom it will be familiar. And yet his adventures merit recital. Unheroic in many ways as was the eighteenth century, the" Age of Reason," yet in its chronicles one comes continually upon the stories of adventurers as picturesque as any medieval knight who rode out to the slaying of giants, robbers, and Saracens.

Puero Reverentia

Philo M. Buck, Jr. — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:55:06 PST

"The kindergarten is no longer an experiment. Critics may say what they will about its being a waste of time, an opportunity to play under unnatural conditions; they may assert that the work done by the child there is purposeless, that the child is too old when he enters; in short, they may empty every chamber of their wrath; yet the fact still stands that children who have gone through the kindergarten in the normal way are better and stronger physically, mentally, and morally when they enter the grades than those who have had no such training. This has been proved true so often by actual experiment that it seems almost unnecessary to assert it before this body of teachers."

Vol. 1, No. 3, pp 107-158

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:51:29 PST

Magnacum Confusione

Philo M. Buck, Jr. — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:47:29 PST

"--And I carried away from college a suit case of clothes and a packing case of notebooks. These were all I had left after paying my commencement bills, for the notebooks had no commercial value, nor any other, so far as my use of them has shown, as I have never looked in them since. And isn't that a fair allegory of your college education?" Jones was speaking, a little bitterly for him, for usually he was the most sunny of high-school principals. We had been exchanging reminiscences during the last courses of an excellent luncheon served by a domestic science class in a large city high school. There were three principals present, and I. But I was there on sufferance; for I had once been a teacher in the self-same school, and as such might as easily have aspired to a seat on Olympus as to a luncheon with the principals. Now I was a guest of Nevius and the Arnold school; and he had invited me to a part of the principals' conference.

A Study in Contemporary Balladry

H. M. Belden — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:37:32 PST

Some time before daylight, May 11, 1894, at the foot of Jenkins Hill, about two miles from Browning, Linn County, Missouri, a quadruple murder was committed which made a very strong impression upon the people of the countryside. Though the crime was committed nearly twenty years ago, the memory of it is kept fresh in a number of ballads which constitute probably as good an instance of what Professor Gummere calls journalistic balladry as is to be found in modern times.

Greek Nationalism and Home Rule in the Fourth Century, B.C.

E. Benjamin Andrews — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:34:03 PST

A certain view of fourth century Greek politics is familiar. We mean what may be called the Demosthenic theory in which nearly all English and American readers of history have agreed. It assumes Athens to have been a real democracy, a government of freedom, the great bulwark of liberty for the entire Greek world at the time. It sets down Philip of Macedon as a barbarian. It maintains that his conquest of Greece before it was completed was of right feared as the death of Greek liberty, just as when executed it actually killed Greek liberty and buried it out of sight. Demosthenes in opposing first Philip and then Alexander, so runs the well-known contention, was not only a hearty patriot but an altogether wise patriot, those who favoured the Macedonian being deficient in true Greek spirit, except perhaps Phocion and a few others whose character stands so high that no one can impugn it. Over these it is the fashion to heave a sigh. They were misguided, very likely wishing well to their country, but too ignorant to know what was for its best good.

Vol. 1, No. 2, pp 55-106

Journal of Parasitology — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:32:32 PST

"Laokoon" and the Prior Question

Hartley Burr Alexander — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:31:35 PST

The first gift of criticism is perspective. By perspective I mean a comprehensive view of related matters shown in their just and intelligible proportion. To attain such views in any department which falls within our human ken is no light task. The matters considered must be seen, as Arnold would have us see life, steadily and whole; and steadiness implies balance in the observer, no less than wholeness depends upon the accessibility of the phenomena. It is a happy union, therefore, of the personality and the season which produces the truly great critic.

The Socratic Bergson

Hartley Burr Alexander — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:29:00 PST

Perhaps the greatness of a great character is best to be seen in the multitude of analogies which it evokes; at any rate, the quality of suggestiveness makes secure draft upon our garrulous human interest and certifies for its possessor some substantial credit. More than any other man Bergson is the butt of our contemporary curiosity; and since Bergson is by profession a thinker, and since a thinker, unlike your man of deeds, is by profession never obvious, it becomes a matter of moment to discover just why he so touches us to the quick. The answer is indicated, I think, by a countryman of Bergson's, Edouard Le Roy, who has put the names of Bergson and Socrates in suggestive collocation. Immediately we grasp the analogy and guess the source of Bergson's suggestive power; for we remember Socrates' own image of himself as a gadfly rousing the noble but somnolent steed to action. We have been long lost in admiration of the mighty thews, the glossy flanks, the high carriage of our intellectual Pegasus; it has remained for Bergson to show him lumbering and scant of breath.

Policosanol Contents and Compositions in Wax-Like Materials Extracted from Selected Cereals of Korean Origin

Keum Taek Hwang — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:21:51 PST

Policosanols. long-chained alcohols. have been reported to have beneficial physiological activities. Content and composition of policosanols in wax-like materials extracted from selected cereals of Korean origin were determined. Wax-like materials were extracted using hot hexane. Yields of wax-like materials from unpolished grain sorghum, polished grain sorghum. brown rice. purple rice, wheat, and maize were 223, 37, 33, 61, 10, and 10 mg/100 g of dry kernels, respectively. Policosanol contents, as determined using HPLC, in the wax-like materials from the cereals were 33, 29, 6.0, and 2% (w/w, db), respectively. Major alcohols in the policosanols from grain sorghum were octacosanol and triacontanol. Docosanol was the major alcohol in the policosanols from brown rice. purple rice, wheat. and maize.

Policosanol Contents and Composition of Grain Sorghum Kernels and Dried Distillers Grains

Keum T. Hwang — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:16:31 PST

Grain sorghum can be a major source of policosanols, long-chained alcohols, that have beneficial physiological activities. Sorghum dried distillers grains (DDG), a by-product of ethanol production from grain sorghum. contain a large amount of policosanols. Content and composition of policosanols in long-chained lipids extracted from grain sorghum kernels and DDG were determined. Long-chained lipids were extracted using hot hexane or hot ethanol. The major components of the long-chained lipids extracted from grain sorghum kernels. as determined using HPLC were policosanols (37-44%), aldehydes (44-55%), and acids (4-5%). Long-chained lipids from DDG contained 52% policosanols, 23% aldehydes. 6.4% acids. and l7% wax esters/steryl esters. Composition of policosanols in DDG matched the composition in grain sorghum kernels, as determined by gas chromatography. even though the content of policosanols in DDG was greater than the content in grain sorghum kernels. Policosonal composition ranges were 0-1% C22:0, 0-3% C24:0. 6-8% C26:0, l% C27:0. 43-47% C28:0. 1-2% C29:0. 40-43% C30:0. and 1-4% C32:0.

Relationships Among Grain Sorghum Quality Factors

Roberto A. Buffo — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:05:43 PST

Correlations among grain sorghum quality factors (proximate composition, physical properties, and water absorption properties) were evaluated. Samples of 46 commercial hybrids (24 and 22 from crop years 1993 and 1994) were analyzed for starch, protein, crude free fat, test weight, absolute density, 1,000 kernel weight, percent kernel abraded, water absorption index, initial water absorption rate, and moisture saturation point. Test weight, absolute density, and percent kernel abraded were positively correlated among themselves (r > 0.5). Protein was negatively correlated with both test weight and absolute density (r < -0.5), while moisture saturation point showed negative correlations with test weight, absolute density, 1,000 kernel weight, and percent kernel abraded (r < -0.4). Principal component factor analysis through the covariance matrix explained 95% of the total variation of quality factors among hybrids (two factors), and, through the correlation matrix, 85% of the total variation (five factors). Water absorption rate decreased with increasing starch content of grain sorghum kernels as water absorption rate increased and amount of water for saturation decreased with softening of kernels.

Knowledge, Perception, and Attitudes of Library Personnel towards Preservation of Information Resources in Nigerian Federal University Libraries

Samson Oyeniyi Akande — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 12:03:12 PST

This paper investigated the relationship among preservation knowledge, perception and attitude of library personnel towards preservation of information resources in Nigerian federal university libraries. Simple random sampling technique was used to select twenty university libraries from the twenty four federal university libraries in Nigeria. All the 660 library personnel in the selected libraries constituted the study sample. Data was collected by a questionnaire administered on the 660 personnel out of which 510 copies were returned. The response rate was 77.3%. The study found that knowledge and perception of library personnel about preservation of information resources correlate significantly with their attitude towards preservation. The study also established that a significant relationship exists between age of library personnel and their perception of preservation. The study concludes that knowledge and perception of preservation of information resources jointly influence attitude towards preservation of information resources. It is therefore recommended that the library management should improve the attitude of the personnel through training and development.

Information for Rural Communities: A Solution for Sustainable Development in the Niger Delta

Abraham Tabor Etebu — Tue, 03 Nov 2009 10:58:18 PST

Information provision for sustainable development in Africa 's rural communities is of great importance to government and their ministries. Rural communities are used to oral communication, which includes storytelling, meetings, messages through town criers, and others. Western methods of information provision, including libraries, museums, and so on, are alien to rural communities who are mainly illiterate. The Bayelsa State Gover

Foreign-Language Comedy Production in the Third Reich

William Grange — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 14:50:41 PST

The two most frequently performed non-German comic playwrights on German-language stages from 1933 to 1944 were Carlo Goldoni (1707-1793) and Oscar Wilde (1854-1900), whose plays served the purposes of cultural transmission both by the theatre establishment and the political regime in power at the time. Goethe had seen Goldoni productions in Venice during his "Italian Journeys" between 1786 and 1788, and he reported that never in his life had he heard such "laughter and bellowing at a theatre." It remains unclear whether he meant laughing and bellowing on the part of audiences or the actors, but since his other remarks on the experience were fairly charitable, Goldoni's status rose accordingly. Goethe himself enjoyed the exalted status of cultural arbiter with unimpeachable judgement, so Goldoni remained a solid fixture in German theatre repertoires throughout the Third Reich. Oscar Wilde, on the other hand, had been an emblem of urbane sophistication and aphoristic refinement in Germany since the premieres of his plays in the 1890s. His plays enjoyed almost cult status among sophisticated elites in Berlin during the Weimar Republic, especially Bunbury, the German title for The Importance of Being Earnest. Productions of that play outnumbered all others in the Wildean uvre from 1919 to 1933--but after 1933, Bunbury's status changed considerably, reflecting the changes within German theatre as a whole. The change in the German theatre was predicated on establishing a new set of aesthetics standards, based on a "triumph of the will" over reason, applicable to all matters cultural in German public life. The subsequent amplification, or at least exaggeration, of "the will" to a standard of aesthetic judgement among National Socialists has been a subject of excessive concern in the twentieth century, and one may discern expressions of this particular Nazi cultural doctrine in selected Goldoni and Wilde productions. They are the ones discussed in this essay, productions which would today qualify as somewhat bizarre yet "diverse" manifestations of cultural transmission.

Shakespeare in the Weimar Republic

William Grange — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 14:21:51 PST

The Weimar Republic occupies a period in German history that has long fascinated students of theatre and drama. It was a period of profound change in German social, political, and cultural experience, and rarely has the confluence of those experiences figured so influentially upon the performance of William Shakespeare's plays. In decades previous to Weimar, German Shakespeare productions manifested the awed reverence in which the playwright was held, since most German actors, directors, and designers regarded Shakespeare in the same light as they did Goethe and Schiller. In 1864, for example, Germany celebrated the three-hundredth anniversary of the playwright's birth with the founding of the Deutsche Shakespeare Gesellschaft and the proclamation that Shakespeare was not "a foreign poet, but one which England must share with us, due to his inborn Germanic nature." In the Weimar Republic, however, the view of Shakespeare as playwright changed; it did so perhaps because everything else was changing in that volatile period, and also because Weimar culture encouraged innovation and experimentation. The republic itself, after all, was an experiment. If in retrospect the Weimar Republic's experimentation with democracy seems a failure, its success and achievement in painting, architecture, music, literature, and theatre cannot be denied. One overlooked area of particular achievement is the work of Weimar theatre artists who succeeded in their attempts to dismantle Shakespeare's status as a cultural icon.

Heinz Hilpert: The Revitalization of German theatre after World War II

William Grange — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 14:18:18 PST

When Heinz Hilpert died in Gottingen on 25 November 1967 at the age of seventy-seven, obituary notices throughout the German-speaking world hailed him as the last of the great theatre directors, a group that had included Otto Brahm, Max Reinhardt, Leopold Jessner, Jurgen Fehling, Erich Engel, and Gustaf Griindgens. As early as 1931, numerous critics considered him perhaps the best director in Berlin, second only to Reinhardt himself. Hilpert had indeed succeeded Reinhardt as Intendant of the Deutsches Theater in Berlin in 1933; when he did so he pledged himself to the task of preserving the Deutsches Theater as an institution dedicated to artistic excellence. Skeptics have since doubted Hilpert's sincerity in making that pledge, and many have sometimes assumed that opportunism was the principal motive behind Hilpert's agreement with Nazi authorities to manage Berlin's most prestigious ensemble. Hilpert remained at the helm of the Deutsches Theater until 1944, and concurrently ran both the Theater in der Josefstadt and the Deutsches Theater after 1938. He accepted directorial assignments in Zurich, Frankfurt am Main, and Konstanz during the immediate postwar period and became Intendant of the "Deutsches Theater in G�ttingen" in 1950; he remained at this post until his retirement in 1966. He continued, however, to direct in Austria, Switzerland, and the Federal Republic to the end of his life. During his lifetime he was the recipient of numerous awards, citations, and prizes given by various cultural and governmental organizations in both the Federal and Democratic Republics; since his death little attention has been paid to him or to the substantial contributions he made both as a theoretician and as a director. This paper examines both his theory and his practice and attempts to evaluate his place in German theatre history.

Use of Electronic Resources by Postgraduate Students of the Department of Library and Information Science of Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria

Obuh Alex Ozoemelem — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 13:24:52 PST

The population for the study was 78 postgraduate Masters and PhD students of the Department of Library and Information Science, Delta State University, Abraka. Due to the small population the entire population was used as the sample. The analysis of the data collected revealed that there is a low level of skill in the use of ICT among the selected respondents; the Internet via Cybercaf� is the most used medium in sourcing electronic materials; respondents exhibit a very low experience in sourcing electronic materials; there is a high level of electronic resource usage regardless of gender difference by respondents. In other words gender gap in electronic resource usage is quite negligible and that Issues like large mass of irrelevant information, the need to filter the results from search, download delay, failure to find information, inadequate/lack of search skills, high cost of access, power outages, inaccessibility of some electronic resources, difficulties in navigating through electronic resources and so on are problems encountered when using electronic resources by respondents.

Citation Analysis of Doctoral Works Submitted to the Department of Animal Science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria

Wole Michael Olatokun — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 12:56:30 PST

The objective of this study was to carry out a citation analysis of doctoral theses submitted to the department of Animal science, University of Ibadan, Nigeria, with a view to finding possible relationships between citing, cited articles and authors (doctoral students). The research design used was the descriptive survey with the research elements for the study being the theses submitted for the award of doctoral degrees during the period 2000-2007. Frequency and percentage distributions (presented in charts, tables, and graphs) and measures of central tendency were used to analyse data. Findings showed that journals, books and conference papers ranked the first three, journals were the most utilized reference materials in the doctoral theses. Journal of Animal Science, Journal of Nutrition, Poultry Science, and Animal Feed Science and Technology journals were the most utilized journals being among the first five journals. Also, conference papers were the most recent materials while book was the oldest cited material and Animal Biochemistry and Nutrition was the most researched in the PhD theses. Findings also showed that all animal science disciplines cite journals extensively but citations were highest in the animal nutrition and biochemistry sub-field. Also, zero citation was recorded to web resources in the sub-field of monogastric nutrition, animal products and meat science and poultry nutrition. Other reference materials display a reasonable level of variability in their citation patterns. Findings from this study could serve as a user study with implications for both collection development and user services design in libraries. This study also has serious implications on calling for the construction of citation indexes that will be web based at different levels especially institutional level being narrowed down to departmental level to ease citation practices of students, the academia and researchers. Future studies could focus on ascertaining the implications of collection of reference materials to project and article referencing, instruction in classes and outreach.

Hiring the Reference Librarian: An Examination of Duty Equivalents

Beatrice Priestly — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 12:19:35 PST

The purpose of this study is to provide an examination of reference librarian duty equivalents in other careers, to provide a calculation of the weighted worth in wages culminating in a recommended hiring salary. The study proposes other job titles whose duties relate to portions of the reference librarian's day, providing a calculated view of the duties' weighted worth after close examination of the US Government Bureau of Labor Statistics web site at www.bls.gov and their presentation of wage earnings data collected May 2006 and then posted to their web site April 2007.

Sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate mediates electron transfer reaction in rat heart mitochondria

Guangyin Zhou — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 12:11:58 PST

In this paper, an electron transfer reaction mediated by sodium tanshinone IIA sulfonate (STS) was studied in rat heart mitochondria. It was found that STS could stimulate mitochondrial NADH oxidation dose-dependently and partly restore NADH oxidation in the presence of respiratory inhibitor (rotenone or antimycin A or KCN). It was likely that STS could accept electrons from complex I similar to ferricyanide and could be converted to its semiquinone form that could then reduce oxygen molecule. The data also showed that cytochrome c (Cyt c) could be reduced by STS in the presence of KCN, or STS could transfer the electron to oxygen directly. Free radicals were involved in the process. The results suggest that STS may protect ischemia-reperfusion injury through an electron transfer reaction in mitochondria against forming reactive oxygen radicals.

The role of glutamate and its receptors in mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic regions in opioid addiction

Yuan Guo — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 11:55:17 PST

Accumulating evidence suggests that glutamate, as one of the most important excitatory neurotransmitters in the brain, plays a key role in drug addiction including opioid addiction. There is substantial evidence for glutamatergic projections into mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic neurons, which are associated with opioid psychological dependence and are also the key regions of enhancement effect. Glutamate may be involved in the process of opioid addiction not only by acting on its ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors that activate several signal transduction pathways, but also by interacting with other neurotransmitters or neuropeptides such as opioids, dopamine, y-aminobutyric acid and substance P in the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic regions. Studies on the role of glutamate and its receptors in opioid addiction will provide a new strategy for the exploitation of drugs for the treatment of opioid addiction.

Launching a Novel Preclinical Infrastructure: Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium Directed Therapeutic Targeting of TNFα to Cancer Vasculature

Melissa C. Paoloni — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 11:51:10 PST

Background: Under the direction and sponsorship of the National Cancer Institute, we report on the first pre-clinical trial of the Comparative Oncology Trials Consortium (COTC). The COTC is a novel infrastructure to integrate cancers that naturally develop in pet dogs into the development path of new human drugs. Trials are designed to address questions challenging in conventional preclinical models and early phase human trials. Large animal spontaneous cancer models can be a valuable addition to successful studies of cancer biology and novel therapeutic drug, imaging and device development. Methodology/Principal Findings: Through this established infrastructure, the first trial of the COTC (COTC001) evaluated a targeted AAV-phage vector delivering tumor necrosis factor (RGD-A-TNF) to αV integrins on tumor endothelium. Trial progress and data was reviewed contemporaneously using a web-enabled electronic reporting system developed for the consortium. Dose-escalation in cohorts of 3 dogs (n = 24) determined an optimal safe dose (5 x 1012 transducing units intravenous) of RGD-A-TNF. This demonstrated selective targeting of tumor-associated vasculature and sparing of normal tissues assessed via serial biopsy of both tumor and normal tissue. Repetitive dosing in a cohort of 14 dogs, at the defined optimal dose, was well tolerated and led to objective tumor regression in two dogs (14%), stable disease in six (43%), and disease progression in six (43%) via Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST). Conclusions/Significance: The first study of the COTC has demonstrated the utility and efficiency of the established infrastructure to inform the development of new cancer drugs within large animal naturally occurring cancer models. The preclinical evaluation of RGD-A-TNF within this network provided valuable and necessary data to complete the design of first-in-man studies.

Children's Exposure to Violence: A Comprehensive National Survey

David Finkelhor — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 11:18:21 PST

This Bulletin discusses the National Survey of Children's Exposure to Violence (NatSCEV), the most comprehensive nationwide survey of the incidence and prevalence of children's exposure to violence to date, sponsored by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) and supported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Conducted between January and May 2008, it measured the past-year and lifetime exposure to violence for children age 17 and younger across several major categories: conventional crime, child maltreatment, victimization by peers and siblings, sexual victimization, witnessing and indirect victimization (including exposure to community violence and family violence), school violence and threats, and Internet victimization. (For more detailed information on the types of violence that children were questioned about, see "Screening Questions" on page 2.) This survey is the first comprehensive attempt to measure children's exposure to violence in the home, school, and community across all age groups from birth to age 17, and the first attempt to measure the cumulative exposure to violence over the child's lifetime.

Regional assessment on influence of landscape configuration and connectivity on range size of white-tailed deer

W. David Walter — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 11:09:40 PST

Variation in the size of home range of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has broad implications for managing populations, agricultural damage, and disease spread and transmission. Size of home range of deer also varies seasonally because plant phenology dictates the vegetation types that are used as foraging or resting sites. Knowledge of the landscape configuration and connectivity that contributes to variation in size of home range of deer for the region is needed to fully understand differences and similarities of deer ecology throughout the Midwest. We developed a research team from four Midwestern states to investigate how size of home range of deer in agro-forested landscapes is influenced by variations in landscape characteristics that provide essential habitat components. We found that for resident female deer, annual size of home range in Illinois (mean = 0.99 km2), Michigan (mean = 1.34 km2), Nebraska (mean = 1.20 km2), and Wisconsin (mean = 1.47 km2) did not differ across the region (F3,175 = 0.42, P = 0.737), but differences between agricultural growing and non-growing periods were apparent. Variables influencing size of home range included: distance to forests, roads, and urban development from the centroid of deer home range, and percent of crop as well as four landscape pattern indices (contrast-weighted edge density, mean nearest neighbor, area-weighted mean shape index, and patch size coefficient of variation). We also identified differences in model selection for four landscapes created hierarchically to reflect levels of landscape connectivity determined from perceived ability of deer to traverse the landscape. Connectivity of selected forested regions within agro-forested ecosystems across the Midwest plays a greater role in understanding the size of home ranges than traditional definitions of deer habitat conditions and landscape configuration.

Estimating Survival of Song Bird Carcasses In Crops and Woodlots

George M. Linz — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 11:00:13 PST

Estimates of non-target animal mortality due to the effects of agricultural pesticides may be biased by the removal of carcasses by scavengers. We placed intact songbird carcasses in ripening sunflower fields in late-summer, and in harvested corn fields and woodlots in early spring to assess carcass removal by scavengers. Removal curves differed among the three habitats (P < 0.001). One day after placement, 58% of carcasses persisted in the sunflower fields, whereas 82% and 90% remained in the corn fields and woodlots, respectively. Our results suggest that survival times for carcasses are variable and dependent on habitat and, perhaps seasonal factors. In most cases, searches for carcasses should be conducted within one day of the pesticide application.

Birds Associated with Blackbird Spring Feeding Sites in South Dakota

George M. Linz — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 10:54:48 PST

From 2 to 16 April 1993, we conducted road-side surveys of birds using harvested fields of small grains, soybeans, and wm within 8 km of two blackbird roosts in east central South Dakota. Blackbirds, waterfowl, killdeer, homed larks, ring-necked pheasants, and western meadowlarks were the most common buds recorded. The frequencies of blackbirds, non-game birds, terrestrial game birds, and waterfowl was not equally distributed within the three habitats (P = 0.U.23).

Dietary Comparisons of Adult Male Common Grackles, Red-winged Blackbirds, and Yellow-headed Blackbirds in North Central North Dakota

H. Jeffrey Homan — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 10:42:16 PST

We compared the esophageal contents of adult male common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula), red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus),and yellow-headed blackbirds (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus) collected in north central North Dakota from July through October 1989. Temporal variation in the diets of all species was related to food availabilities, which were heavily influenced by crop phenology. Depending on species, mean percent dry weight of sunflower achenes during August increased 2-6 times over July. Yellow-headed blackbirds migrated from north central North Dakota by early September, but substantial numbers of common grackles and red-winged blackbirds remained until mid-October. Sunflower was an important component of red-winged blackbird and common grackle diets through October. The more varied diet of yellow-headed blackbirds, in combination with the early departure from sunflower-growing regions, makes this species less likely to cause economic impact to the sunflower producer.

American Woodock Use of a Nest Box

David L. Bergman — Mon, 02 Nov 2009 10:38:49 PST

-Lombardo et al. (1989, Condor 91 :744-747) reviewed two hypotheses for the use of nest boxes by house sparrows Passer domesticus, European starlings Sturnus vulgaris, eastern bluebirds Sialia sialis, and great tits Passer major during the nonbreeding season: (1) roosting in nest cavities may be associated with nest-cavity selection during intense competition for a limited number of usable cavities, and (2) birds use cavities during the non breeding season to decrease the rate of heat loss. We were unable to locate any prior documentation of nest box use by American woodcock (Scolopax major), therefore we report on a new behavior for the American woodcock.