US Army Research Copyright (c) 2013 University of Nebraska - Lincoln All rights reserved. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch Recent documents in US Army Research en-us Tue, 09 Apr 2013 07:58:33 PDT 3600 US Army Foreign Science and Technology Center, US Army Historical Data Card http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/174 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/174 Mon, 01 Apr 2013 09:18:00 PDT Historical Data Cards were used to record the organizational history of units within the Army. This card was provided to Robert Bolin by the US Army Institute of Heraldry in 1985.

The Foreign Science and Technology Center (FSTC) was organized in Washington, DC, by Sec. VIII, US Department of the Army General Orders 57, 1 August 1962. FSTC was Class II activity subordinate to the US Army Materiel Command. FSTC absorbed functions, personnel, records, and equipment of:
The US Army Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency
The US Army Ordnance Technical Intelligence Agency
The US Army Signal Corps Intelligence Agency
The US Army Transportation Intelligence Agency
The US Army Quartermaster Intelligence Agency

FSTC was ordered relocated from Washington to Charlottesville, VA, “on or about” 18 May 1970.

Many of the entries on the card were made when a new Table of Distribution and Allowances (TDA) were issued. TDAs were tables prescribing the organization structure, personnel, and equipment authorizations for unique military organizations performing specialized functions. Interestingly, the strength of the organization authorized by the TDAs shows the growth of the organization from 1962 to 1983.

]]> David Arredondo , Depositor US Army Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/173 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/173 Mon, 01 Apr 2013 09:03:35 PDT Historical Data Cards were used to record the organizational history of units within the Army. This card was provided to Robert Bolin by the US Army Institute of Heraldry in 1985. The Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency (CCIA) established by Sec. II, Department of the Army General Orders 27, 15 April 1955. CCIA was a Class II organization subordinate to the Chief Chemical Officer. It was charged with performing the intelligence functions of the US Army Chemical Corps. In 1962, the CCIA was absorbed by the newly created US Army Foreign Science and Technology Center.

]]> David Arredondo , Depositor Processing of captured materiel for intelligence purposes, Para. II of War Department Training Circular 81, 6 Nov 1942 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/172 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/172 Mon, 01 Apr 2013 08:54:42 PDT This circular gives guidance to the Army pending revision of relevant field manuals. The circular lists four purposes for the evaluation of captured enemy equipment:
a. Prompt development of effective counterweapons and countertactics.
b. Prompt exploitation of new ideas for our own benefit.
c. Early deductions as to the state of enemy resources for war.
d. Speed in providing literature and other aids to assist in the training of United Nations troops in the use and maintenance of enemy equipment when captured in sufficient quantity.

The circular tells forces in the field and in the continental United States what do with captured equipment. The chiefs of the army technical services, such as the Chief of Engineers and the Surgeon General, were given responsibilities for:
a. Expert analysis as to the characteristics of the materiel.
b. Final deductions as to the state of enemy resources for war is evidenced by a thorough laboratory analysis of the materiel.
c. Preparation of a final type of operator’s Technical Manual, similar in form and content to our own. The number will be the same as the that of the nearest like item of American issue with the letter “E” proceeding the number. Full instructions will be included respecting suitable fuels, lubricants, ammunition, tools, accessories, spare parts, etc.
d. Preparation of a final maintenance Technical Manual, with numbering and contents similar to those described in c above.
e. Preparation fo such visual training aids as may be desirable.
f. Submission to the Training Division, Service of Supply, through the Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2, War Department, of manuscripts and of outlines for visual training aids.

Point C above resulted in the publication of “enemy” manuals like Technical Manual, TM E9-803, 1944, for the German Volkswagen. TM 9-803 was the manual for the famous jeep. Similarly, TM E9-369A, 1943, is the technical manual for the German 88-mm Antiaircraft Gun materiel.

According to Field Manual, FM 21-6, List and Index of War Department Publications, 10 May 1945, Para II of Training Circular, 6 November 1942, was still in force.

]]> G. C. Marshall et al. Shipment of Captured Materiel to the United States for Intelligence Purposes http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/171 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/171 Mon, 01 Apr 2013 08:46:26 PDT This circular gives guidance to Army forces in the field telling them what sorts of materiel was needed for intelligence evaluation and where to ship the various types of equipment. It shows the scope of technical intelligence activities during World War II and the organizations conducting evaluation of captured equipment.

]]> G. C. Marshall et al. Historical Data Card, US Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency/Armed Forced Medical Intelligence Center http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/170 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/170 Mon, 01 Apr 2013 08:33:48 PDT This is a form containing typewritten data listing significant documents related to the status of the US Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency (MIIA). The form shows that MIIA had been organized effective 1 April 1973 under the command of The Surgeon General, US Army. Periodic entries show changes in the authorized strength of the agency. On 1 December 1978, MIIA was relocated to Fort Detrick, MD. On 7 September 1983, the agency was renamed the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center. The last entry on this card was dated 21 September 1984. The Medical Intelligence and Information Agency described on this card is a newly organized agency, not to be confused with the Medical Information and Intelligence Agency organized in 1956. Although the names were different, the initials of both agencies was MIIA.

]]> David Arredondo , Depositor Department of the Army Reorganization Planning Directive 381-2, Technical, Area Analysis, and Order of Battle Intelligence Production, 18 May 1962 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/169 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/169 Mon, 01 Apr 2013 08:21:23 PDT Reorganization Planning Directives (DA RPDs) were a specialized orders used by Army Chief of Staff George Decker to instruct the staff and components of the US Army concerning the reorganization of the armed forces set in motion by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara.

DA RPD 10-1, Department of the Army Reorganization Plan, 19 March 1962) [ http://www.whs.mil/library/Dig/darpd10-1.pdf ] outlined the general reorganization of the Army.

This directive provided for reorganization of “functions, responsibilities, and resources…” for “…production of technical, area analysis, and order of battle intelligence within the Department of the Army…” The intelligence functions within the Office of the Surgeon General of the Army were specifically exempted from the provisions of this directive.

Specifically, the directive provided for:
Establishment of a Foreign Science and Technology Center within the Army Materiel Command and the transfer of technical intelligence functions to that organization.
Establishment of an Area Analysis Intelligence Agency (AAIA) in the Corps of Engineers and the transfer area analysis to that organization.
Transfer of Order of battle intelligence functions the Office of the Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence.

]]> G. H. Decker Gen. et al. Attraction of <i>Anopheles</i> (Diptera: Culicidae) to Volatile Chemicals in Western Kenya http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/168 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/168 Wed, 27 Feb 2013 13:25:38 PST HOST ODORS PROVIDE the olfactory cues by which mosquitoes locate blood meals (Takken 1991). Houses containing humans attract significantly more Anopheles gambiae (Giles) and Anopheles funestus (Giles) than do empty houses (Haddow 1942). Carbon dioxide, as found in human breath, attracts mosquitoes (Gillies 1980, Costantini et al. 1996, Gibson et al. 1997). Volatiles in human breath other than CO2 reportedly do not play an important role in host-seeking by An. gambiae s.s.(DeJong and Knols 1995a), indicating that body odors may provide important host-location cues by which African malaria vectors identify humans as a specific mammalian host species.

Our field study tested components of human body odor in combination with CO2 as potential attractants for the two primary African malaria vectors, An. gambiae and An. funestus. If attractive, these compounds may be used to increase trap effectiveness in malaria control programs.

]]> Matthew W. Murphy et al. Activities of the Medical Information and Intelligence Agency For the Month Ending 31 October 1956 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/167 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/167 Fri, 15 Feb 2013 14:33:39 PST This is the first monthly report of the Medical Information and Intelligence Agency (MIIA), a small US Army intelligence agency. The report refers to General Orders 62, Headquarters, Walter Reed Army Medical Center, dated 24 September 1956, which set up MIIA as an organization subordinate to the Walter Reed Army Medical Center. The agency was created from “personnel formerly assigned to the Intelligence Branch and Library of the Medical Information and Intelligence Division, OTSG, as well as personnel from the OTSG Reference Library.” As the sentence above states, MIIA was created using personnel formerly working in the Office of The Surgeon General, the chief of the Army Medical Service. Army medical intelligence originated as a small section in the Office of the Surgeon General in the early 1940s.

The report also states that Lieutenant Colonel James W. Dean, Medical Service Corps, assumed command of MIIA on 28 September 1956.

This document was retrieved from the National Archives by Dr. Jonathan Clemente.

]]> James W. Dean Lt Col et al. United States Army Medical Intelligence and Information Agency, Permanent Order 16‐1: Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/166 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/166 Fri, 15 Feb 2013 14:24:10 PST This order redesignates the Medical Intelligence and Information Agency as the Armed Forces Medical Intelligence Center (AFMIC) which was subordinate to The Surgeon General, US Army. The order states that AFMIC has “sole responsibility within the Department of Defense for the production of required medical scientific and technical intelligence and general medical intelligence, as well as organization and execution of all medical aspects of the DoD Foreign Materiel Exploitation Program.”

This document was retrieved from the National Archives by Dr. Jonathan Clemente.

]]> Olen C. Watts Lt Col et al. FOREIGN FIRING TABLES for SOVIET GUN, Self-Propelled, 122mm, Model 1944, А-19 С, GUN, Self-Propelled, 122mm, Model 1943, Д-25С, GUN, Tank, 122mm, Model 1943, Д-25 firing Armor Piercing Tracer Projectile, ВР-471, High Explosive Fragmentary Projectile, ОФ-471, High Explosive Fragmentary Projectile, ОФ-471H http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/165 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/165 Fri, 15 Feb 2013 14:11:36 PST This document is a 26 page collection of range tables prepared by Ordnance Intelligence. Probably it is a literal translation of a Soviet manual. One of the responsibility of Army technical intelligence agencies, like Ordnance Intelligence, was to evaluate foreign weapons and equipment. These range tables could be used for test firing of captured Soviet equipment.

]]> Ordnance Intelligence, Ordnance Corps, Department of the Army et al. Intelligence Sections in the Offices of Chiefs of Arms and Services (AG 321.19MID 6 Sept. 1940) http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/164 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/164 Fri, 03 Aug 2012 12:29:53 PDT This document consists of a memorandum instructing senior staff officers in the headquarters of the War Department to set up intelligence sections in their offices. Those senior Army staff officers included the Chief of the Air Corps, the Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service, the Chief of Engineers, the Chief of Ordnance, the Chief Signal Officer , the Quartermaster General, and the Surgeon General. Also included are a “Distribution Sheet” showing who copies were sent to and a letter from the National Archives forwarding the memorandum to Robert L. Bolin.

The memorandum was a charter for organizations that grew into large intelligence agencies in the Army and the Department of Defense.

During World War II, the Chemical Warfare Service, the Corps of Engineers, the Department of Ordnance, Signal Corps, Quartermaster Corps, the Medical Department, and the newly created Transportation Corps came to be known as the Army Technical Services. During the war the offices of the chiefs of the Technical Services grew considerably as did the intelligence sections in them.

The intelligence sections survived retrenchment after World War II. In the 1950s, several of those intelligence sections evolved into small specialized intelligence agencies including the Army Chemical Corps Intelligence Agency, Army Ordnance Intelligence Agency, the Army Signal Intelligence Agency, Army Quartermaster Intelligence Agency, The Army Medical Information and Intelligence Agency, and the Army Transportation Intelligence Agency.

During the early 1960s, the Army Technical Services were reorganized radically and the intelligence activities in the Technical Services were incorporated into the Defense Intelligence Agency and a new Army technical intelligence agency.

]]> Emory S. Adams Formation of 2-chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS riot control agent) thermal degradation products at elevated temperatures http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/163 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/163 Mon, 07 May 2012 14:33:25 PDT 2-Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile (CS riot control agent) has been shown to produce a number of thermal degradation products when dispersed at high temperature.We hypothesized that these CS-derived compounds are formed by energy input from heating during the dispersion process. Here we identified organic CS-derived compounds formed from purified CS subjected to temperatures ranging from 300 to 900 degrees C in an inert atmosphere with analysis of tube furnace effluent by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We conclude that the production of many CS-derived compounds previously observed during high-temperature dispersion is likely to be heat related.

]]> Timothy A. Kluchinsky et al. Trust Development in Swift Starting Action Teams: A Multilevel Framework http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/162 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/162 Mon, 07 May 2012 14:29:06 PDT Swift starting action teams (STATs) are increasingly prevalent in organizations, and the development of trust is often a critical issue for their effectiveness. However, current theory and research do not provide a clear picture regarding how trust toward the team (i.e., the team as the target) is developed in these settings. The primary contribution of this article is to present a theoretical framework describing how individual-level trust toward one’s team is developed in STAT contexts. This article integrates several existing trust theories into one comprehensive context-specific multilevel theory of how trust develops in STATs from cognitive, affective, behavioral, and contextual perspectives. This framework furthers our understanding of the unique antecedents of initial trust in STATs, how trust attitudes are adjusted over the short amount of time the team interacts, and how the team context influences this developmental process.

]]> Jessica Wildman et al. GUIDE TO THE PREPARATION OF MILITARY REPORTS OF A TECHNICAL NATURE http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/161 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/161 Thu, 26 Apr 2012 10:14:18 PDT This is a brief text prepared for instructional purposes at the US Army Engineer School at Fort Belvoir, VA.

The manuscript covering the preparation of a technical report has been prepared for two reasons: first, to serve as a basic text for instructing student officers in the techniques of report writing and second, to serve as a means of reference. Student officers cannot be expected to retain in their minds all the minute details of report writing to which they are exposed during their period of school training. Considerable time may elapse after graduation and before they are called on to undertake or to supervise a technical study. If so, a cursory reading of the textual material contained herein will quickly refresh their memories; and, perhaps, serve as a guide to orient junior officers under their command.

When the text is used for instructional purposes, it is suggested that a series of coordinated situations and requirements be developed and used as practical exercises - that during the instruction, seminars be scheduled for the discussion and evaluation of individual student progress; and that only two periods, at the most, be used for conference purposes involving the entire class. Discussion concerning student reports, and the subject of report writing as a whole, should revolve around the manner in which the students, both individually and collectively, have demonstrated their ability to gather and to present in a concise form pertinent facts concerning a particular problem.

]]> The Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia et al. Dislocation–twin interactions in nanocrystalline fcc metals http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/160 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/160 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 11:25:25 PDT Dislocation interaction with and accumulation at twin boundaries have been reported to significantly improve the strength and ductility of nanostructured face-centered cubic (fcc) metals and alloys. Here we systematically describe plausible dislocation interactions at twin boundaries. Depending on the characteristics of the dislocations and the driving stress, possible dislocation reactions at twin boundaries include cross-slip into the twinning plane to cause twin growth or de-twinning, formation of a sessile stair-rod dislocation at the twin boundary, and transmission across the twin boundary. The energy barriers for these dislocation reactions are described and compared.

]]> Y. T. Zhu et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties at different length scales and strain rates of nanocrystalline tantalum produced by high-pressure torsion http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/159 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/159 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 11:20:41 PDT Fully dense, nanocrystalline tantalum (average grain size as small as ~40 nm) has been processed for the first time by high-pressure torsion. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals non-equilibrium grain boundaries and grains decorated with high-density dislocations. Microhardness measurements and instrumented nanoindentation experiments indicate that the mechanical property is quite uniform except for the central area of the disks. Nanoindentation experiments at different strain rates suggest that the strain rate sensitivity of nanocrystalline tantalum is increased compared to the coarse- and ultrafine-grained counterparts and is accompanied by an activation energy of the order of a few ~b3 (b is the magnitude of the dislocation Burgers vector), implying a shift in the plastic deformation mechanism from the screw dislocation dominated regime. We thus infer the plastic deformation mechanisms of nanocrystalline body-centered cubic (bcc) and face-centered cubic metals converge. To examine the stress–strain behavior, we have used microcompression to measure the compressive stress–strain curves on microscale pillars fabricated by focused ion beam technique. Yield strength as high as 1.6 GPa has been observed. High-strain rate behavior has been investigated using a miniature Kolsky bar system. We have found that at high-strain rates the nanocrystalline tantalum specimens exhibit adiabatic shear banding, a dynamic plastic deformation mode common to many ultrafine-grained and all nanocrystalline bcc metals.

]]> Q. Wei et al. Monotonic and cyclic short beam shear response of 3D woven composites http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/158 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/158 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 11:15:53 PDT Monotonic, multi-step and cyclic short beam shear tests were conducted on 2D and 3D woven composites. The test results were used to determine the effect of z-yarns on the inter-laminar shear strength as well as the multi-loading behavior. The presence of z-yarns was found to affect not only the inter-laminar shear strength of the composite but also the behavior of the composite beyond the elastic limit. Microscopic examination of the damaged specimens revealed large delamination cracks in 2D woven composites while delamination cracks were hindered by z-yarns in 3D composites. This crack arrest phenomena resulted in a reduction in inter-laminar crack lengths and a higher distribution of the micro-cracks throughout the 3D composite. The multi-step and cyclic loading tests are found to be useful in the monitoring of specimen behavior during short beam shear testing. The induced damage was quantified in terms of the loss of strength and stiffness during each loading cycle. It was found that while the 2D composites have higher damage resistance, the 3D composites have a higher damage tolerance.

]]> T. R. Walter et al. Recombinant paraoxonase 1 protects against sarin and soman toxicity following microinstillation inhalation exposure in guinea pigs http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/157 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/157 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 11:11:54 PDT To explore the efficacy of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a catalytic bioscavenger, we evaluated human recombinant PON1 (rePON1) expressed in Trichoplusia ni larvae against sarin and soman toxicity using microinstillation inhalation exposure in guinea pigs. Animals were pretreated intravenously with catalytically active rePON1, followed by exposure to 1.2 X LCt50 sarin or soman. Administration of 5 units of rePON1 showed mild increase in the blood activity of the enzyme after 30 min, but protected the animals with a significant increase in survival rate along with minimal signs of nerve agent toxicity. Recombinant PON1 pretreated animals exposed to sarin or soman prevented the reduction of blood O2 saturation and pulse rate observed after nerve agent exposure. In addition, rePON1 pretreated animals showed significantly higher blood PON1, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase activity after nerve agent exposure compared to the respective controls without treatments. AChE activity in different brain regions of rePON1 pretreated animals exposed to sarin or soman were also significantly higher than respective controls. The remaining activity of blood PON1, cholinesterases and brain AChE in PON1 pretreated animals after nerve agent exposure correlated with the survival rate. In summary, these data suggest that human rePON1 protects against sarin and soman exposure in guinea pigs.

]]> Manojkumar Valiyaveettil et al. Protective efficacy of catalytic bioscavenger, paraoxonase 1 against sarin and soman exposure in guinea pigs http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/156 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/156 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 10:58:14 PDT Human paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been portrayed as a catalytic bioscavenger which can hydrolyze large amounts of chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) and organophosphate (OP) pesticides compared to the stoichiometric bioscavengers such as butyrylcholinesterase. We evaluated the protective efficacy of purified human and rabbit serum PON1 against nerve agents sarin and soman in guinea pigs. Catalytically active PON1 purified from human and rabbit serum was intravenously injected to guinea pigs, which were 30 min later exposed to 1.2 × LCt50 sarin or soman using a microinstillation inhalation exposure technology. Pre-treatment with 5 units of purified human and rabbit serum PON1 showed mild to moderate increase in the activity of blood PON1, but significantly increased the survival rate with reduced symptoms of CWNA exposure. Although PON1 is expected to be catalytic, sarin and soman exposure resulted in a significant reduction in blood PON1 activity. However, the blood levels of PON1 in pre-treated animals after exposure to nerve agent were higher than that of untreated control animals. The activity of blood acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase and brain acetylcholinesterase was significantly higher in PON1 pre-treated animals and were highly correlated with the survival rate. Blood O2 saturation, pulse rate and respiratory dynamics were normalized in animals treated with PON1 compared to controls. These results demonstrate that purified human and rabbit serum PON1 significantly protect against sarin and soman exposure in guinea pigs and support the development of PON1 as a catalytic bioscavenger for protection against lethal exposure to CWNAs.

]]> Manojkumar Valiyaveettil et al. Current US Military Operations and Implications for Military Surgical Training http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/155 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usarmyresearch/155 Thu, 07 Apr 2011 10:50:40 PDT BACKGROUND:

Since 2001, US military surgeons have deployed frequently, with many surgeons deploying within 1 year of graduating residency. The purpose of this study was to evaluate readiness of recent graduates to manage combat-related injuries and to make recommendations for improvements in training military surgeons.

STUDY DESIGN:

We reviewed casualties treated at the 31st Combat Support Hospital in Baghdad from December 2003 to November 2004.We identified 3,426 wounded patients; of these, 2,648 (77.3%) required an operative procedure. There were 2,788 patients (81.4%) who sustained penetrating injuries. The most common procedures performed were debridement of wounds (39%), skeletal fixation (14.7%), and exploratory laparotomy (11.4%). Common procedures were compared with 15 case logs from the ACGME database for our institution from 2005 to 2009.

RESULTS:

Graduating residents averaged 973 cases during residency (range 867 to 1,293, median 921). This included experience with most procedures encountered except nephrectomy (1.5 procedures per resident [PPR]), craniotomy (1.1 PPRs), inferior vena cava injury (1.1 PPRs), bladder repair (0.87 PPR), and duodenal injury (0.6 PPR). Residents had minimal experience with skeletal fixation and external genital trauma.

CONCLUSIONS:

Recent surgical residency graduates are prepared for deployment in support of US military operations for the majority of injuries encountered. However, familiarization with procedures that fall outside the traditional general surgical curriculum would improve their ability to treat these injuries. To enhance experience with rare injuries, cadaver studies and animal models may serve as training tools before deployment.

]]> Joshua A. Tyler et al.