Proceedings of the Eighteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1998) Copyright (c) 2013 University of Nebraska - Lincoln All rights reserved. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18 Recent documents in Proceedings of the Eighteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference (1998) en-us Thu, 24 Jan 2013 23:55:04 PST 3600 Development of an Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management (html.www.ianr.unl/wildlife) http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/26 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/26 Thu, 26 Apr 2012 13:57:06 PDT Wildlife damage problems are experienced by all segments of society. Row crops, forages, rangeland, fruits, vegetables, ornamentals, and turf are all susceptible to wildlife damage at various stages of development. Agricultural producers lose billions of dollars each year due to crop damage caused by deer, voles, blackbirds, and other wildlife species (Conover et al. 1995). In addition, over 75,000 people are injured annually or become ill in North America due to wildlife-related incidents. For most of these problems, IPM principles can be applied to reduce damage to tolerable levels. Information, materials, and services on wildlife damage management are available through educational institutions, agencies, and private industry, but access is highly variable, depending on the location and type of problem that exists. The worldwide web provides an excellent opportunity to consolidate existing and future information on IPM and wildlife damage management. The authors have developed a Center on the worldwide web (html.www.ianr.unl/wildlife) to facilitate distribution of information and increase adoption of IPM practices. They anticipate that it will become a widely known, one-stop website that facilitates access to up-to-date, comprehensive, and useful information on wildlife damage management. The project is national, if not international, in scope.

The goal of this project is to increase adoption of IPM practices through the development and maintenance of a website on the internet that will centralize access to wildlife damage management information. The 420 measurable objectives include: 1) increase public access (producers, consultants, homeowners) to all internet information on IPM practices associated with wildlife damage management; 2) increase public access to agencies, organizations, consultants, and materials vendors that provide information and assistance on wildlife damage management; and 3) increase communication among resource professionals associated with IPM and wildlife damage management on the internet. It is anticipated that the website will significantly increase producer and public awareness of wildlife damage problems and management techniques.

]]> Scott E. Hygnstrom et al. The Efficacy of Glue Traps against Wild Populations of House Mice, <i>Mus domesticus</i>, Rutty http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/25 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/25 Wed, 25 Apr 2012 14:57:13 PDT Field research was conducted from Purdue University during 1991 to 1993 to examine some aspects of the efficaciousness of the various types of glue traps against wild populations of house mice. The research was conducted in agricultural and livestock buildings containing various infestation levels of mice. Tests compared the capture and escape rates of glue boards vs. trays, covered vs. uncovered glue traps, and glue traps vs. snap traps, and multiple catch curiosity traps. Observational work, via night vigils, was also conducted to note the behavioral response of mice to glue surfaces, including the behavioral aspects of mice neutralizing glue surfaces in well-used runways. These field tests indicate many mice, upon initial interactions with glue traps and surfaces, are repelled by them and either learn to avoid them or neutralized them in some manner. Results of comparison trials between glue traps and non-glue mouse traps also indicate strong differences in interaction and capture rates favoring non-glue traps. It is hypothesized that when glue traps are successful, it is likely due to mice traveling kinesthetically along frequently used runways in which traps are placed, or to factors associated with age class of mice. These studies have strong implications for rodent pest management programs in facilities which are restricted to non-chemical approaches (e.g., food handling establishments and sensitive accounts).

]]> Robert M. Corrigan DEER ON AIRPORTS: AN ACCIDENT WAITING TO HAPPEN http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/24 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/24 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 13:00:21 PST The authors analyzed data on civil aircraft strikes with wild ungulates (deer [Odocoileus spp.], elk [Cervus canadensis] and moose [Alces alces]) in the U.S. from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Wildlife Strike Database and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) Aviation Accident Database for 1983 to 1997. Prior to 1991, the FAA Form 5200-7 for reporting strikes was designated solely for bird strike data, thus, strike reports for non-avian species prior to 1991 are underrepresented. A total of 343 ungulate strikes was reported, 48 from 1983 to 1990 and 295 from 1991 to 1997. Forty-four states reported ungulate strikes with 77% of the reports from states east of the Mississippi River. November had more (P < 0.01) strikes (23 %) than any other month. The strike rate (number/hr) was four to nine times greater (P < 0.01) at dusk than at night or dawn. Almost two-thirds of strikes (P < 0.01) occurred during landing, making landing at dusk in November the most likely time for deer strikes. About 79% of strikes had an effect on flight. Aircraft were damaged in 83% of strikes. Only 14% of reports indicating damage provided estimates of cost of repairs. The mean cost for these reports was $74,537. Reported human injuries have been few, but the potential exists for a major disaster. Aircraft with capacity of 101 to 380 passengers were involved in 45 (14%) of the reported strikes. Airports should adopt a "zero tolerance" for deer within the operations area. Deer removal by professional shooters, in conjunction with permanent exclusion with 3 m high fencing, is the preferred management action.

]]> Sandra E. Wright et al. PORCUPINE DAMAGE AND REPELLENT RESEARCH IN THE INTERIOR PACIFIC NORTHWEST http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/23 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/23 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:57:32 PST Porcupines (Erethizon dorsatum) rely on trees and shrubs for winter food and can cause serious, localized damage to conifers. Twenty-two percent of ponderosa trees (Pinus ponderosa) examined in southeastern Washington were damaged by porcupines. Most damage involved complete girdling of the mid- to upper boles of the larger trees (12 to 30 cm dbh) in the stand. Preliminary repellent trials with captive porcupines suggested that several materials might reduce tree damage, especially predator-associated odors. Field trials are needed to assess efficacy and duration of protection under ambient winter conditions.

]]> Gary W. Witmer et al. RAT MANAGEMENT FOR ENDANGERED SPECIES PROTECTION IN THE U.S. VIRGIN ISLANDS http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/22 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/22 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:55:02 PST Introduced roof rats (Rartus rattus) pose a substantial threat to the fauna and flora of many tropical islands. In the Caribbean, there is concern about rat impacts to several endangered species, including the Atlantic hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and the least tern (Sterna antillarum). The authors surveyed the rat population on Buck Island, Buck Island Reef National Monument, U .S. Virgin Islands in February 1998. Based on three nights of trapping, rats were of low to moderate abundance during the sampling period when compared to results from other Caribbean islands. The impact of rats on native vegetation was evident over the entire island. A rat management program was proposed using anticoagulant rodenticide baits in bait boxes in and around the two picnic areas on the island. Once an appropriate rodenticide registration is obtained, the baiting program can be extended to include the rest of the island. The eventual eradication of rats from Buck Island will not only provide relief for several endangered species nesting on the island, but will set the stage for the reintroduction of the endangered St. Croix ground lizard (Ameiva polops).

]]> Gary W. Witmer et al. RESEARCH AND MANAGEMENT OF BIRD DEPREDATIONS AT CATFISH FARMS http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/21 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/21 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:52:20 PST Depredations by fish-eating birds are a major constraint on production at commercial catfish facilities in the southeastern United States. A recent survey of catfish farmers estimated total losses due to direct predation by birds and costs associated with employing preventive measures at $17 million, or 4% of national sales. In 1988, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) established a research station in Mississippi to develop more effective methods for reducing the impact of birds on southeastern aquaculture farms. This paper describes the impact of double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus, DCCO) on the catfish industry, describes control methods to reduce depredations by this species, and reviews some research currently being conducted at the NWRC Mississippi research station.

]]> Mark E. Tobin THE USE OF AEROSOL REPELLENTS AS AN AVIAN DETERRENT STRATEGY http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/20 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/20 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:48:49 PST Traditional protective measures to keep wildlife away from areas include exclusion by use of netting, hazing, and chemical repellents. The primary problem with most hazing systems is that wildlife quickly habituate to the devices if their use falls into a predictable pattern. Repellent substances cause wildlife species to avoid otherwise attractive or palatable resources by creating a disincentive to visit a specific area or consume a particular resource. Chemical repellents, both lethal and non-lethal, are typically used for agricultural and horticultural purposes, but in addition may provide a strategy to deter wildlife in other contexts. Aerosol delivery of chemical repellents might work to effectively target birds in the air prior to landing in a hazardous area (i.e., a toxic waste water impoundment). In theory, aerosol delivery of a known avian irritant could be used as an ancillary tool in bird hazing systems, to complement more traditional auditory and visual scare tactics.

]]> Gwen R. Stevens et al. THE BAIT SURCHARGE PROGRAM: RESEARCH IMPROVES ZINC PHOSPHIDE USE FOR VOLE CONTROL IN ALFALFA http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/19 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/19 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:47:30 PST This paper describes several unexpected benefits of rodenticide-registration research funded by The California Bait Surcharge Program. An enclosure-type study was conducted to determine efficacy of single, pre- and test-bait broadcasts (10 lb./ac.) of 0% and 2% zinc phosphide (Zn3P2, CAS #1314-84-7) steam-rolled-oat (SRO) groats to control voles (Microtus spp.) in alfalfa (Medicago sariva). Unexpected research spinoffs resulted from the use of: 1) eight randomly-located, sieved-dirt plots per enclosure to monitor bait distribution, bait removal, and rodent/avian (non-target) activity; 2) a bait-weathering plot and bait-sample analyses to monitor Zn3P2 biodeterioration; and 3) a C++-language program to derive theoretical benefit-cost ratios associated with Zn3P2-bait broadcasts.

]]> Ray T. Sterner EFFECTS OF TASTE STIMULI (QUININE AND SUCROSE) IN PELLETED GRANULATED, AND WAX BLOCK BAITS ON FEEDING PREFERENCES OF NORTHERN POCKET GOPHERS (<i>THOMOMYS TALPOIDES</i>) http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/18 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/18 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:41:08 PST A two-choice, taste preference study was conducted using 18 northern pocket gophers to evaluate pelleted sorghum, granulated sorghum, and wax block baits containing either 0.01 to 0.05 % quinine or 0.10 to 5.0 % sucrose. Bait consumption was significantly higher across treatments (P≤.001) for granulated sorghum, followed by pelleted sorghum, and wax blocks. Gophers also showed a high frequency of moving the granulated bait in their cheek pouches to be deposited at alternate locations within their cages. Although increasing sucrose concentration did not produce significantly (P ≥.10) enhanced consumption for any of the baits, a trend toward increasing preference with increased concentration was noted for the wax block bait. During quinine tests, bait consumption was again significantly highest (P≤.01) for granulated sorghum followed by pelleted sorghum and wax block. Quinine treatment also failed to significantly (P≥.10) alter bait consumption across the tested concentrations. However, there was a minor trend toward decreasing preference with increasing concentrations in the wax block group. Data indicated that pelleted bait had the advantage of producing more consistent consumption levels without the animals carrying bait in their cheek pouches for caching and subsequent spillage. Although the wax block baits were most influenced by the taste treatments, consumption levels were extremely low. In comparison with most wild rodent species, northern pocket gophers were found to be insensitive or indifferent to both taste stimuli over a wide concentration range.

]]> Stephen A. Schumake et al. COMPARISON OF WHITE MINERAL OIL AND CORN OIL TO REDUCE HATCHABILITY IN RING-BILLED GULL EGGS http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/17 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/17 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:35:45 PST Oiling eggs is a potential management method for controlling nuisance or depredating populations of ring-billed gulls, Canada geese, and other bird species. However, no registration for an oiling compound currently exists with the Environmental Protection Agency. Efficacy data were collected for white mineral oil and corn oil to reduce the hatchability of ring-billed gull eggs. Egg failure was 99% in corn oil, 96% in white mineral oil, and 35% in control eggs. Most treated eggs that hatched were treated early in the incubation period, 1 to 8 days after clutch completion. A Wildlife Service Technical Note on the use of corn oil as an oiling agent is now available.

]]> Patrica A. Pochop et al. MANAGING ISLAND BIOTAS: BROWN TREESNAKE CONTROL USING BARRIER TECHNOLOGY http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/16 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/16 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:33:27 PST The brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis), accidentally introduced to the previously snake-free U.S. island of Guam after World War 11, decimated the island's naive wildlife. Today, it periodically stows away on craft going to other islands where the ecological damage may be repeated. Barriers offer an effective tool for keeping the snakes out of areas from which they can disperse off-island, as well as sites identified as critical for the protection of human health, conduct of economic activity, or conservation of endangered species. The authors have developed a variety of barrier designs which repulse at least 95% of snake attempts to scale them under laboratory conditions; the best performing models are 100% effective. Three of the designs are in operational use. Designs for maximizing snake repulsion will be more costly to build, but may have lower annual costs due to reduced expenses for system upkeep.

]]> Gad Perry et al. THE IMPACT OF TIMBER MANAGEMENT ON THE PHYTOCHEMICALS ASSOCIATED WITH BLACK BEAR DAMAGE http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/15 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/15 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:30:48 PST Black bears forage on Douglas-fir vascular tissue in the spring, and this behavior can be severely detrimental to the health and economic value of a timber stand. Foraging is selective in that not all stands are damaged and, within a stand, one tree may be stripped while its neighbor is ignored or minimally sampled. A series of studies was conducted to assess whether bear selectivity is affected by chemical constituents within vascular tissue, and whether these constituents are affected by silvicultural practices. The results are interpreted to identify forest practices that may alleviate damage, or at least predict where damage is most likely to occur.

]]> Dale L. Nolte et al. EVALUATION OF ACROLEIN AS A FUMIGANT FOR CONTROLLING NORTHERN POCKET GOPHERS http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/14 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/14 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:27:24 PST Baker Performance Chemical Incorporated entered into a cooperative agreement with the National Wildlife Research Center to evaluate acrolein as a fumigant for controlling northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides). In October 1996, a 44.5 ha (110 acre) irrigated alfalfa hay field was selected as the study site in Franklin County, Washington. Eight treatment units (TUs), six fumigated and two control, were established on the study site. On the six fumigated TUs, 58.9% of the sample plots were inactive, whereas, all sample plots (100%) on the two control TUs were active. The 58.9% mean reduction in pocket gopher activity on the six fumigated TUs was below the minimum efficacy standard of 70% established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 1982). Possible reasons for the pocket gophers surviving the acrolein treatment are discussed.

]]> George H. Matschke et al. MAMMAL REPELLENTS: OPTIONS AND CONSIDERATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/13 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/13 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:25:07 PST Repellents include chemical substances, visual displays, and sonic and ultrasonic deterrent systems. The use of electric shock also can be considered as a repellent category. Each of these categories is discussed, together with their respective utilities, constraints on their usefulness, and possibilities for future development. Economic considerations that may impede or expedite the development of new strategies are presented. Repellent effectiveness depends upon a complex of variables, including the palatability of protected and alternative foods, weather conditions, and the number of animals causing problems. Invariably, repellents are most useful when used as components of integrated pest management strategies

]]> J. Russell Mason TRACING THE HISTORY OF BLACKBIRD RESEARCH THROUGH AN INDUSTRY'S LOOKING GLASS: THE SUNFLOWER MAGAZINE http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/12 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/12 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:23:51 PST The Sunflower magazine, the voice of the National Sunflower Organization, featured articles in January 1978 and December 1996 that began with these words, "If Old King Cole was a merry old soul, it was probably because he had only four and twenty blackbirds to contend with, and they were all out of commission!" This quotation captures the sentiments of sunflower growers, who have identified blackbirds as a major production problem since the 1960s. The National (formerly Denver) Wildlife Research Center, a unit within the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Wildlife Services, is charged with both improving and developing new methods for managing blackbird damage to sunflower. The Sunflower has chronicled these research efforts championing studies with clear objectives and opposing studies, sometimes vehemently, that use resources for seemingly esoteric research. In this paper, the history of blackbird research in the northern Great Plains is traced through The Sunflower.

]]> George M. Linz et al. STATUS OF APHIS VERTEBRATE PESTICIDES AND DRUGS http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/11 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/11 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:20:31 PST The Wildlife Services (WS) Program manages wildlife/human conflicts by using an integrated approach employing some vertebrate pesticides. These are used in such small quantities that private industry cannot afford to register and produce them profitably. On behalf of WS, the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) maintains about 30 federal and state pesticide registrations, containing seven active ingredients, with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). These include: the Compound 1080 Livestock Protection Collar, DRC-1339 Concentrates (Starlicide), Gas Cartridges (carbon and sodium nitrate), the M-44 (sodium cyanide), and a number of baits and concentrates containing Strychnine Alkaloid and Zinc Phosphide. In 1988 Congress amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, requiring reregistration of almost all older pesticides. Reregistration had an extensive impact on the WS Program. Over 400 studies, with an estimated cost of about $14 million, were requested by EPA for APHIS products. Through negotiations with EPA, repackaging of old data, and obtaining data waivers for inappropriate studies, National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) and APHIS personnel reduced the data requirements to about 250 studies costing $3 million. In addition, the NWRC managed three Consortia that generated funds and data to maintain Starlicide, strychnine and zinc phosphide products held by APHIS, private industry, and state agencies. APHIS is now entering the final stages of reregistration. Carbon, sodium nitrate, sodium cyanide, Compound 1080, and Starlicide have been reregistered. The Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED), with an appended product-specific data call-in notice, was received for strychnine in March 1997 and the remaining data are being generated. Reregistration of zinc phosphide is expected sometime in 1998. In addition, APHIS now maintains four products for r the WS Program with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) under Investigational New Animal Drug (INAD) permits. These include alpha-chloralose (a capturing agent), the Tranquilizer Trap Device (TTD) containing propiopromazine HCl (to sedate animals held in leghold traps and snares) and two immunocontraceptive vaccines, porcine zona pellucida (Zonacon), and gonadotrophin releasing hormone (Gonacon) for contracepting deer and other wild animals.

]]> Kathleen A. Fagerstone et al. WILDLIFE INFORMATION SOURCES AND SEARCH METHODS ON THE INTERNET http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/10 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/10 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:16:58 PST Vertebrate pest damage information is pulled from a variety of disciplines ranging from wildlife management to psychology. The Internet has opened the door to what seems to be an unending number of information sources. Researchers can become overwhelmed by the choices and different levels of information available. The correct use of search engines and a checklist of criteria to evaluate the quality of information obtained can help to eliminate the extraneous information and make the time spent on the Internet more productive. There are a large number of wildlife, biology, environmental, and other related sites that are especially useful to the wildlife damage management community.

]]> Diana L. Dwyer POPULATION DYNAMICS: THE FOUNDATION OF WILDLIFE DAMAGE MANAGEMENT FOR THE 21st CENTURY http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/9 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/9 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:14:49 PST To justify and defend lethal or reproductive control programs to solve vertebrate pest problems, wildlife biologists must have a sound understanding of the population status and dynamics of the problem species. Models are essential to project how populations will respond to proposed management actions, providing a scientific foundation to counter the emotional debates that often arise. Four population models (PM1 to PM4) for predicting population responses are described. PM1 and PM2 explore the relative efficacy of reproductive and lethal control for vertebrate species over 10-year intervals. PM3 simulates population responses to actual management actions through 10-year intervals. PM4 simulates population changes for a species at weekly intervals over an annual cycle, exploring the immediate (≤ 1 year) impact of population management actions. Population simulations using PM1 and PM2 demonstrated that for most vertebrate pest species considered, lethal control will be more efficient than reproductive control in reducing population levels. Reproductive control is more efficient than lethal control only for some rodent and small bird species with high reproductive rates and low survival rates. A simulation (PM3) of the removal of 47,000 laughing gulls (Lams atricilla) from the Long Island-New Jersey population accurately predicted the 33 % decline of the population over five years. A simulation (PM4) of the annual cycle of the common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) population in the eastern United States demonstrated why removing 4.2 million birds in one winter had no discernible impact on subsequent breeding populations. Understanding the population dynamics of wildlife species is the cornerstone to successful management, and population models will be essential for this task in the years to come.

]]> Richard A. Dolbeer FERTILITY CONTROL IN COYOTES: IS IT A POTENTIAL MANAGEMENT TOOL? http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/8 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/8 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:12:54 PST Fertility control in wildlife is emerging as a potential management tool. Published research on feral horses, deer, rodents, and rabbits suggest an effective agent producing reversible infertility in these species could be developed. Furthermore, anecdotal reports suggest that infertility can be induced in a greater array of species. In this paper, the authors review methods of fertility control being studied for application in wildlife and focus on their studies designed to evaluate the effectiveness of fertility control agents in coyotes (Canis latrans). Immunocontraception using porcine zona pellucida (PZP) is currently the most promising method of fertility control in coyotes the authors have studied. This is consistent with results from other species. However, the vital question of whether any fertility control agent can reduce livestock losses due to coyote predation will require more research.

]]> Thomas J. De Liberto et al. POTENTIAL BIRD REPELLENTS TO REDUCE BIRD DAMAGE TO LETTUCE SEED AND SEEDLINGS http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/7 http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/vpc18/7 Tue, 29 Jan 2008 12:07:21 PST The authors evaluated the effectiveness of ReJeX-iT® AG-145, Mesurol®, activated charcoal, lime, and fipronil to reduce homed lark damage to lettuce seeds and seedlings. In Experiment 1, homed larks consumed significantly more feed mixture (50:50 grains and lettuce seed) than untreated clay-coated lettuce seed in a three-day choice-test. In Experiment 2, where clay-coated lettuce seed was treated with ReJeX-iT® AG- 145, Mesurol®, activated charcoal, or lime, there was no significant difference in consumption of untreated clay-coated lettuce seed and treated clay-coated lettuce seed. Homed larks consumed insignificant amounts of all seed treatments including untreated coated lettuce seed. In this experiment homed larks lost an average of 28 % of their body weight over the three-day test period. It was concluded that the clay seed coating alone reduced damage significantly. In the aviary test, flats of sprouting lettuce seedlings were sprayed with Mesurol® (4 kg/ha), ReJeX-iT® AG-145 (64 kg/ha), lime (32 kg/ha), activated charcoal (32 kg/ha), and fipronil(4 kg/ha). Mesurol®, ReJeX-iT® AG-145, and lime significantly reduced consumption of lettuce seedlings over a four-day test period. Even though lime significantly reduced consumption, homed larks still consumed over 50% of the available lettuce seedlings. Field evaluations are warranted with Mesurol® and ReJeX-iT® AG-145.

]]> John L. Cummings et al.