Flow and transport experiments for a streambank seep originating from a preferential flow pathway

Authors

Garey A. Fox, Oklahoma State University - Main CampusFollow
Derek M. Heeren, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
Ronald B. Miller, Oklahoma State UniversityFollow
Aaron R. Mittelstet, Oklahoma State University, StillwaterFollow
Daniel E. Storm, Oklahoma State University - Main CampusFollow

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

2011

Citation

Journal of Hydrology 403:3–4 (June 17, 2011), pp. 360–366; doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.04.014

Comments

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. Used by permission.

Abstract

Streambank seeps commonly originate from localized heterogeneity or preferential flow pathways (PFPs) in riparian floodplains. However, limited field data have been reported on ground water seep flows and solute transport to seeps from PFPs. The objective of this research was to build upon previous floodplain-scale investigations of PFPs by analyzing seep discharge and transport characteristics through a single PFP. An important research question was whether this PFP could be conceptualized as a homogeneous, one-dimensional flow path. Streambank seep discharge measurements were obtained by inducing a hydraulic head in a trench injection system. Also, co-injection of Rhodamine WT (RhWT) and a potassium chloride (KCl) tracer over a 60-min period was used to investigate transport dynamics. Seep discharge and breakthrough curves for electrical conductivity (EC) and RhWT were measured at the streambank using a lateral flow collection device. The breakthrough curves were fit to one-dimensional convective-dispersion equations (CDEs) to inversely estimate solute transport parameters. The PFP from which the seep originated was clean, coarse gravel (6% by mass less than 2.0 mm) surrounded by gravel with finer particles (20% by mass less than 2.0 mm). Located approximately 2 m from the trench, the seep (50 cm by 10 cm area) required at least 40 cm of hydraulic head for flow to emerge at the streambank. At a higher hydraulic head of 125 cm, seep discharge peaked at 3.5 L/min. This research verified that localized PFPs can result in the rapid transport of water (hydraulic conductivity on the order of 400 m/d) and solutes once reaching a sufficient near-bank hydraulic head. A one-dimensional equilibrium CDE was capable of simulating the EC (R² = 0.94) and RhWT (R² = 0.91) breakthrough curves with minimal RhWT sorption (distribution coefficient, K_d, equal to 0.1 cm³/g). Therefore, the PFP could be conceptualized as a one-dimensional, homogenous flow and transport pathway. These results are consistent with previous research observing larger-scale phosphorus transport.