Caffeine for reducing bird damage to newly seeded rice

Authors

Michael L. Avery, USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research CenterFollow
Scott J. Werner, USDA-APHIS-Wildlife ServicesFollow
John L. Cummings, USDA-APHIS-Wildlife ServicesFollow
John S. Humphrey, USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research CenterFollow
Michael P. Milleson, USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research Center
James C. Carlson, USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research CenterFollow
Thomas M. Primus, USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services
Margaret J. Goodall, USDA-APHIS-Wildlife Services

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

May 2005

Comments

Published in Crop Protection 24 (2005), pp. 651–657. Published by Elsevier Ltd. www.elsevier.com/locate/cropro

Abstract

The economic impact of blackbirds can be severe to rice producers in the United States. One approach to managing this damage is the application of bird-deterrent chemical to the crop. Previous pilot trials suggested that caffeine offered potential as a safe, economical bird repellent. In this study, cage feeding trials with female red-winged blackbirds and male brown-headed cowbirds confirmed that a treatment rate of 2500 ppm caffeine on rice seed reduced consumption as much as 76%. Trials with mixed species blackbird flocks in a 0.2-ha flight pen resulted in just 4% loss of caffeine-treated rice compared to 43% loss of untreated rice. Field trials of a 10,000 ppm caffeine treatment in Louisiana revealed 490% of caffeine-treated rice seed remained unconsumed on days 2 and 3 of the study whereas blackbirds consumed 480% of the untreated seed. As a rice seed treatment to deter blackbirds, caffeine appears to be effective, economical and environmentally safe, although additional aquatic toxicity testing is desirable. Improvements in formulation will be needed to make the compound practical for general agricultural spray applications and to extend the adherence of caffeine to rice seeds in field conditions.