Fluctuating survival selection explains variation in avian group size

Authors

Charles R. Brown, Department of Biological Sciences, University of TulsaFollow
Mary Bomberger Brown, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
Erin A. Roche, USGS Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, NDFollow
Valerie A. O'Brien, University of Tulsa
Catherine E. Page, University of Tulsa

Date of this Version

5-3-2016

Citation

PNAS, May 3, 2016, vol. 113, no. 18, pp 5113–5118. doi 10.1073/pnas.1600218113

Comments

Copyright 2016 NAS.

Abstract

Most animal groups vary extensively in size. Because individuals in certain sizes of groups often have higher apparent fitness than those in other groups, why wide group size variation persists in most populations remains unexplained. We used a 30-y mark– recapture study of colonially breeding cliff swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) to show that the survival advantages of different colony sizes fluctuated among years. Colony size was under both stabilizing and directional selection in different years, and reversals in the sign of directional selection regularly occurred. Directional selection was predicted in part by drought conditions: birds in larger colonies tended to be favored in cooler and wetter years, and birds in smaller colonies in hotter and drier years. Oscillating selection on colony size likely reflected annual differences in food availability and the consequent importance of information transfer, and/or the level of ectoparasitism, with the net benefit of sociality varying under these different conditions. Averaged across years, there was no net directional change in selection on colony size. The wide range in cliff swallow group size is probably maintained by fluctuating survival selection and represents the first case, to our knowledge, in which fitness advantages of different group sizes regularly oscillate over time in a natural vertebrate population.