Authors
F. Martin, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
A. Aerts, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
D. Ahren, Microbial Ecology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
A. Brun, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
E. G. J. Danchin, Architecture et Fonction des Macromole´cules Biologiques, UMR 6098 CNRS-Universite´s Aix-Marseille I & II, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
F. Duchaussoy, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
J. Gibon, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
A. Kohler, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
E. Lindquist, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
V. Pereda, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
A. Salamov, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
H. J. Shapiro, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
J. Wuyts, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
D. Blaudez, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
M. Buee, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
P. Brokstein, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
B. Canback, Microbial Ecology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
D. Cohen, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
P. E. Courty, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
P. M. Coutinho, Architecture et Fonction des Macromole´cules Biologiques, UMR 6098 CNRS-Universite´s Aix-Marseille I & II, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
C. Delaruelle, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
J. C. Detter, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
A. Deveau, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
S. DiFazio, Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
S. Duplessis, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
L. Fraissinet-Tachet, Universite´ Lyon 1, UMR CNRS - USC INRA d’Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
E. Lucic, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
P. Frey-Klett, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
C. Fourrey, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
I. Feussner, Department for Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-Universita¨t Go¨ttingen, 37077 Go¨ttingen, German
G. Gay, Universite´ Lyon 1, UMR CNRS - USC INRA d’Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
J. Grimwood, Stanford Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School ofMedicine, 975 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
P. J. Hoegger, Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-Universita¨t, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
P. Jain, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama
S. Kilaru, Georg-August-Universita¨t, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
J. Labbe, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
Y. C. Lin, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
V. Legue, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
F. Le Tacon, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
R. Marmeisse, Universite´ Lyon 1, UMR CNRS - USC INRA d’Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
D. Melayah, Universite´ Lyon 1, UMR CNRS - USC INRA d’Ecologie Microbienne, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
B. Montanini, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
M. Muratet, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama
U. Nehls, Eberhard-Karls-Universita¨t, Physiologische Oekologie der Pflanzen, 72076 Tubingen, Germany
H. Niculita-Hirzel, Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
M. P. Oudot-Le Secq, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
M. Peter, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
H. Quesneville, Unite´ de Recherches en Ge´nomique-Info, INRA-Evry, 91034 E´vry Cedex, France
B. Rajashekar, Microbial Ecology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
M. Reich, Georg-August-Universita¨t, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
N. Rouhier, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
J. Schmutz, Stanford Human Genome Center, Department of Genetics, Stanford University School ofMedicine, 975 California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304, USA
T. Yin, Environmental Science Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
M. Chalot, UMR 1136, INRA-Nancy Universite´, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
B. Henrissat, Architecture et Fonction des Macromole´cules Biologiques, UMR 6098 CNRS-Universite´s Aix-Marseille I & II, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France
U. Kues, Georg-August-Universita¨t, 37077 Go¨ttingen, Germany
S. Lucas, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
Y. Van de Peer, Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
G. K. Podila, University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama
A. Polle, Georg-August-Universita¨t, 37077 Gottingen, Germany
P. J. Pukkila, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
P. M. Richardson, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
P. Rouze, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Ghent University, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
I. R. Sanders, Department of Ecology & Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
J. E. Stajich, University of California, Berkeley, California
A. Tunlid, Microbial Ecology, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
G. Tuskan, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
I. V. Grigoriev, US DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA
Date of this Version
3-2008
Abstract
Mycorrhizal symbioses—the union of roots and soil fungi—are universal in terrestrial ecosystems and may have been fundamental to land colonization by plants. Boreal, temperate and montane forests all depend on ectomycorrhizae. Identification of the primary factors that regulate symbiotic development and metabolic activity will therefore open the door to understanding the role of ectomycorrhizae in plant development and physiology, allowing the full ecological significance of this symbiosis to be explored. Here we report the genome sequence of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor (Fig. 1) and highlight gene sets involved in rhizosphere colonization and symbiosis. This 65-megabase genome assembly contains ~20,000 predicted protein-encoding genes and a very large number of transposons and repeated sequences. We detected unexpected genomic features, most notably a battery of effector-type small secreted proteins (SSPs) with unknown function, several of which are only expressed in symbiotic tissues. The most highly expressed SSP accumulates in the proliferating hyphae colonizing the host root. The ectomycorrhizae-specific SSPs probably have a decisive role in the establishment of the symbiosis. The unexpected observation that the genome of L. bicolor lacks carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in degradation of plant cell walls, but maintains the ability to degrade non-plant cell wall polysaccharides, reveals the dual saprotrophic and biotrophic lifestyle of the mycorrhizal fungus that enables it to grow within both soil and living plant roots. The predicted gene inventory of the L. bicolor genome, therefore, points to previously unknown mechanisms of symbiosis operating in biotrophic mycorrhizal fungi. The availability of this genome provides an unparalleled opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of the processes by which symbionts interact with plants within their ecosystem to perform vital functions in the carbon and nitrogen cycles that are fundamental to sustainable plant productivity.
Comments
Published in Nature Vol 452|6 March 2008.