Computer Science and Engineering, Department of

 

ORCID IDs

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2393-4669

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1782-7357

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1015-8667

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3201-0775

Date of this Version

2021

Citation

Rosso,M.C.;Stilo,F.; Bicchi, C.; Charron, M.; Rosso, G.; Menta, R.; Reichenbach, S.E.; Weinert, C.H.; Mack, C.I.; Kulling, S.E.; et al. Combined Untargeted and Targeted Fingerprinting by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography to Track Compositional Changes on Hazelnut Primary Metabolome during Roasting. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 525. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11020525

Comments

2021 by the authors.

Abstract

This study focuses on the detectable metabolome of high-quality raw hazelnuts (Cory- lus avellana L.) and on its changes after dry-roasting. Informative fingerprinting was obtained by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with fast-scanning quadrupole mass spectrom- etry (GC×GC-qMS) combined with dedicated data processing. In particular, combined untargeted and targeted (UT) fingerprinting, based on pattern recognition by template matching, is applied to chromatograms from raw and roasted samples of Tonda Gentile Trilobata and Anakliuri hazelnuts harvested in Italy and Georgia. Lab-scale roasting was designed to develop a desirable organoleptic profile matching industrial standards. Results, based on 430 peak features, reveal that phenotype expression is markedly correlated to cultivar and pedoclimatic conditions. Discriminant components between cultivars are amino acids (valine, alanine, glycine, and proline); organic acids (citric, aspartic, malic, gluconic, threonic, and 4-aminobutanoic acids); and sugars and polyols (maltose, xylulose, xylitol, turanose, mannitol, scyllo-inositol, and pinitol). Of these, alanine, glycine, and proline have a high informational role as precursors of 2-acetyl- and 2-propionylpyrroline, two key-aroma com- pounds of roasted hazelnuts. Roasting has a decisive impact on metabolite patterns—it caused a marked decrease (−90%) of alanine, proline, leucine and valine, and aspartic and pyroglutamic acid and a −50% reduction of saccharose and galactose.

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