Lymphotropic Virions Affect Chemokine Receptor-Mediated Neural Signaling and Apoptosis: Implications for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Associated Dementia

Authors

• Jialin Zheng, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Anuja Ghorpade, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Douglas Niemann, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Robin L. Cotter, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Michael R. Thylin, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Leon Epstein, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois
• Jennifer Swartz, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Robin B. Shepard, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Xiaojuan Liu, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Adeline Nukuna, University of Nebraska Medical Center
• Howard E. Gendelman, University of Nebraska Medical Center

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

October 1999

Comments

Published in JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY, 0022-538X/99/$04.0010 Oct. 1999, p. 8256–8267 Vol. 73, No. 10 Copyright © 1999, American Society for Microbiology. Used by permission.

Abstract

Chemokine receptors pivotal for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in lymphocytes and macrophages (CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4) are expressed on neural cells (microglia, astrocytes, and/or neurons). It is these cells which are damaged during progressive HIV-1 infection of the central nervous system. We theorize that viral coreceptors could effect neural cell damage during HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD) without simultaneously affecting viral replication. To these ends, we studied the ability of diverse viral strains to affect intracellular signaling and apoptosis of neurons, astrocytes, and monocyte-derived macrophages. Inhibition of cyclic AMP, activation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate, and apoptosis were induced by diverse HIV-1 strains, principally in neurons. Virions from T-cell-tropic (T-tropic) strains (MN, IIIB, and Lai) produced the most significant alterations in signaling of neurons and astrocytes. The HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein, gp120, induced markedly less neural damage than purified virions. Macrophage-tropic (M-tropic) strains (ADA, JR-FL, Bal, MS-CSF, and DJV) produced the least neural damage, while 89.6, a dual-tropic HIV-1 strain, elicited intermediate neural cell damage. All T-tropic strain-mediated neuronal impairments were blocked by the CXCR4 antibody, 12G5. In contrast, the M-tropic strains were only partially blocked by 12G5. CXCR4-mediated neuronal apoptosis was confirmed in pure populations of rat cerebellar granule neurons and was blocked by HA1004, an inhibitor of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, protein kinase A, and protein kinase C. Taken together, these results suggest that progeny HIV-1 virions can influence neuronal signal transduction and apoptosis. This process occurs, in part, through CXCR4 and is independent of CD4 binding. T-tropic viruses that traffic in and out of the brain during progressive HIV-1 disease may play an important role in HAD neuropathogenesis.