Mitigating the Risk of Extreme Water Scarcity and Dependency: The Case of Jordan

Authors

Joep F. Schyns, University of TwenteFollow
Arwa Hamaideh, University of JordanFollow
Arjen Y. Hoekstra, University of TwenteFollow
Mesfin Mekonnen, University of Nebraska - LincolnFollow
Marlou Schyns, University of AmsterdamFollow

Date of this Version

10-12-2015

Document Type

Article

Citation

2015 by the authors

Comments

Water 2015, 7, 5705-5730; doi:10.3390/w7105705

Abstract

Jordan faces great internal water scarcity and pollution, conflict over trans-boundary waters, and strong dependency on external water resources through trade. This paper analyzes these issues and subsequently reviews options to reduce the risk of extreme water scarcity and dependency. Based on estimates of water footprint, water availability, and virtual water trade, we find that groundwater consumption is nearly double the groundwater availability, water pollution aggravates blue water scarcity, and Jordan’s external virtual water import dependency is 86%. The review of response options yields 10 ingredients for a strategy for Jordan to mitigate the risks of extreme water scarcity and dependency. With respect to these ingredients, Jordan’s current water policy requires a strong redirection towards water demand management. Actual implementation of the plans in the national water strategy (against existing oppositions) would be a first step. However, more attention should be paid to reducing water demand by changing the consumption pattern of Jordanian consumers. Moreover, unsustainable exploitation of the fossil Disi aquifer should soon be halted and planned desalination projects require careful consideration regarding the sustainability of their energy supply.