Applicability of the dual isotopes δ15N and δ18O to identify nitrate in groundwater beneath irrigated cropland

Authors

R. F. Spalding, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
A. J. Hirsh, Kirkham MedicalFollow
M. E. Exner, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
N. A. Little, Tri-Basin Natural Resources DistrictFollow
K. L. Kloppenborg, Upper Elkhorn Natural Resources DistrictFollow

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

2019

Citation

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 220 (2019) 128–135

Comments

© 2018 The Authors.

Open access

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.12.004

Abstract

Identification of the nitrate sources that adversely impact groundwater quality is a necessary first step in the control of this major worldwide pollutant. The impact of nitrate leachate from urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) (50% urea-N, 25% ammonium-N, 25% nitrate-N) fertilizer, whose use has increased dramatically in the last three decades largely because it can be applied through sprinkler irrigation systems to corn in all growth stages, is investigated. The dual isotopes δ¹⁵N_NO3 and δ¹⁸O_NO3 were measured in groundwater samples from 39 irrigation wells in two intensively sprinkler-irrigated, corn-growing areas of Nebraska with nitrate-contaminated (N > 10 mg/L) groundwater and documented UAN use to ascertain whether nitrified ammonia and nitrate fertilizers can be distinguished in the High Plains aquifer. The areas, which are highly vulnerable to nitrate leaching and differ only in the composition and thickness of their unsaturated zones, are uniquely suited to provide scientific evidence of the feasibility of identifying nitrate fertilizer leachate in groundwater and thereby add significantly to the small body of existing and inconclusive data. The dual isotope method (DIM) results indicate that the nitrate contamination in 38 wells is mostly nitrified ammonium fertilizer. Most importantly, nitrate fertilizer from UAN was not identified isotopically in groundwater beneath almost all fields with documented heavy UAN use. This could be a potentially valuable finding for fertilizer management or it could convey limitations on the appropriateness of the DIM for nitrate fertilizer source identification in groundwater. Slightly enriched δ¹⁵N_NO3 values in a few wells coincide with the practice of wintering cattle on corn stubble, which reportedly occurred more frequently in one focus area. The absence of natural soil-N leachates and denitrification in groundwater enabled an apparently reliable identification of manure leachates in both areas.