Chemical and Biomolecular Research Papers -- Faculty Authors Series
Date of this Version
10-1-2007
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the translation rate depends on the availability of cognate aa-tRNAs. In this study it is shown that the key factor that determines translation rate is the competition between near-cognate and cognate aa-tRNAs. The transport mechanism in the cytoplasm is diffusion, thus the competition between cognate, near-cognate and non-cognate aa-tRNAs to bind to the ribosome is a stochastic process. Two competition measures are introduced; C (i) and R (i) (i = 1, 64) are quotients of the arrival frequencies of near-cognates vs. cognates and noncognates vs. cognates, respectively. Furthermore, the reaction rates of bound cognates differ from those of bound near-cognates. If a near-cognate aa-tRNA binds to the A site of the ribosome, it may be rejected at the anti-codon recognition step or proofreading step or it may be accepted. Regardless of its fate, the near-cognates and non-cognates have caused delays of varying duration to the observed rate of translation. Rate constants have been measured at a temperature of 20 °C by (Gromadski, K.B., Rodnina, M.V., 2004. Kinetic determinants of high-fidelity tRNA discrimination on the ribosome. Mol. Cell 13, 191–200). These rate constants have been re-evaluated at 37 °C, using experimental data at 24.5 °C and 37 °C (Varenne, S., et al., 1984. Translation in a non-uniform process: effect of tRNA availability on the rate of elongation of nascent polypeptide chains. J. Mol. Biol. 180, 549–576). The key results of the study are: (i) the average time (at 37 °C) to add an amino acid, as defined by the ith codon, to the nascent peptide chain is: τ(i) = 9.06 + 1.445 × [10.48C(i) + 0.5R (i)] (in ms); (ii) the misreading frequency is directly proportional to the near-cognate competition, E(i) = 0.0009C(i); (iii) the competition from near-cognates, and not the availability of cognate aa-tRNAs, is the most important factor that determines the translation rate – the four codons with highest near-cognate competition (in the case of E. coli ) are [GCC] > [CGG] > [AGG] > [GGA], which overlap only partially with the rarest codons: [AGG] < [CCA] < [GCC] < [CA C]; (iv) based on the kinetic rates at 37 °C, the average time to insert a cognate amino acid is 9.06 ms and the average delay to process a nearcognate aa-tRNA is 10.45 ms and (vii) the model also provides estimates of the vacancy times of the A site of the ribosome – an important factor in frameshifting.
Comments
Published in Computational Biology and Chemistry 31:5-6 (October 2007), pp. 335–346; doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2007.07.003 Copyright © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. Used by permission. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/14769271