Quorum Sensing in the Dimorphic Fungus Candida albicans Is Mediated by Farnesol

Authors

Jacob M. Hornby, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
Ellen C. Jensen, College of St. Benedict’s and St. John’s UniversityFollow
Amber C. Lisec, University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Joseph J. Tasto, College of St. Benedict’s and St. John’s University, Collegeville, Minnesota
Brandon Jahnke, University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Richard Shoemaker, University of Nebraska - Lincoln
Patrick Dussault, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
Kenneth W. Nickerson, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

7-1-2001

Comments

APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, July 2001, p. 2982–2992 Vol. 67, No. 7 Copyright © 2001, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Permission to use.

Abstract

The inoculum size effect in the dimorphic fungus Candida albicans results from production of an extracellular quorum-sensing molecule (QSM). This molecule prevents mycelial development in both a growth morphology assay and a differentiation assay using three chemically distinct triggers for germ tube formation (GTF): L-proline, N-acetylglucosamine, and serum (either pig or fetal bovine). In all cases, the presence of QSM prevents the yeast-to-mycelium conversion, resulting in actively budding yeasts without influencing cellular growth rates. QSM exhibits general cross-reactivity within C. albicans in that supernatants from strain A72 are active on five other strains of C. albicans and vice versa. The QSM excreted by C. albicans is farnesol (C₁₅H₂₆O; molecular weight, 222.37). QSM is extracellular, and is produced continuously during growth and over a temperature range from 23 to 43°C, in amounts roughly proportional to the CFU/milliliter. Production is not dependent on the type of carbon source nor nitrogen source or on the chemical nature of the growth medium. Both commercial mixed isomer and (E,E)-farnesol exhibited QSM activity (the ability to prevent GTF) at a level sufficient to account for all the QSM activity present in C. albicans supernatants, i.e., 50% GTF at ca. 30 to 35 mM. Nerolidol was ca. two times less active than farnesol. Neither geraniol (C₁₀), geranylgeraniol (C₂₀), nor farnesyl pyrophosphate had any QSM activity.