Extended Viral Shedding of a Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus by Striped Skunks (Mephitis mephitis)

Authors

J. Jeffrey Root, USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research CenterFollow
Susan A. Shriner, USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research CenterFollow
Kevin T. BentlerFollow
Thomas GidlewskiFollow
Nicole L. Mooers
Jeremy W. EllisFollow
Terry R. Spraker
Kaci K. VanDalen, USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research CenterFollow
Heather J. Sullivan, USDA/APHIS/WS National Wildlife Research CenterFollow
Alan B. Franklin, USDA APHISFollow

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

1-29-2014

Citation

Root, J.J., S.A. Shriner, K.T. Bentler, T. Gidlewski, N.L. Mooers, J.W. Ellis, T.R. Spraker, K.K. VanDalen, H.J. Sullivan, and A.B. Franklin. 2014. Extended viral shedding of a low pathogenic Avian influenza virus by striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis). PLoS ONE 9(1): e70639. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0070639.

Abstract

Background: Striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis) are susceptible to infection with some influenza A viruses. However, the viral shedding capability of this peri-domestic mammal and its potential role in influenza A virus ecology are largely undetermined.

Methodology/Principal Findings: Striped skunks were experimentally infected with a low pathogenic (LP) H4N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) and monitored for 20 days post infection (DPI). All of the skunks exposed to H4N6 AIV shed large quantities of viral RNA, as detected by real-time RT-PCR and confirmed for live virus with virus isolation, from nasal washes and oral swabs (maximum #106.02 PCR EID50 equivalent/mL and #105.19 PCR EID50 equivalent/mL, respectively). Some evidence of potential fecal shedding was also noted. Following necropsy on 20 DPI, viral RNA was detected in the nasal turbinates of one individual. All treatment animals yielded evidence of a serological response by 20 DPI.

Conclusions/Significance: These results indicate that striped skunks have the potential to shed large quantities of viral RNA through the oral and nasal routes following exposure to a LP AIV. Considering the peri-domestic nature of these animals, along with the duration of shedding observed in this species, their presence on poultry and waterfowl operations could influence influenza A virus epidemiology. For example, this species could introduce a virus to a naive poultry flock or act as a trafficking mechanism of AIV to and from an infected poultry flock to naive flocks or wild bird populations.