Pathoecology of Two Ancestral Pueblo Villages

Authors

Karl Reinhard, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

2008

Citation

Published (as Chapter 10) in Case Studies in Environmental Archeology, Second Edition, ed. Elizabeth J. Reitz, C. Margaret Scarry, & Sylvia J. Scudder (Springer, 2008), pp. 191–209.

Comments

Copyright © 2008 Springer Science + Buisiness Media, LLC. Used by permission.

Abstract

Pathoecology is the study of the biotic, abiotic, and cultural environments of disease (Martinson et al. 2003). A parasitic infection is the result of the pathoecological interaction of host behavior, parasite life cycle, the environment in which both life forms live, the nutritional status of the host, and host physiological responses to all of these factors. Parasites contribute to anemia in many ways. Some, such as hookworm, actually consume blood and cause iron loss through their activities. For other parasites, symptoms such as profuse diarrhea reduce intestinal absorption of nutrients. Others, such as certain fish tapeworms, actually compete for absorption of nutrients necessary for blood cell production. Often these causes of anemia are interdependent. Human behavior is one of the keys to understanding pathoecology (Martinson et al. 2003; Reinhard 1988, 1992a; Reinhard and Buikstra 2003; Reinhard et al. 2003). Thus, for the pathoecologist studying human health, one goal is to identify the human behaviors related to environmental conditions that promote or reduce disease. Relevant aspects of behavior include population density, seasonal movement, excreta disposal patterns, diet, and personal hygiene (Reinhard 1992b). To examine the complexity of pathoecology among the Ancestral Pueblo culture of the Colorado Plateau, I compared two Ancestral Pueblo villages: Salmon Pueblo, New Mexico, (formerly known as Salmon Ruin) and Antelope House, Arizona (Figure 1). Parasitism and nutritional deficiency are both causes of anemia. Previous work (Reinhard 1992b) showed that these sites represented the extremes in anemia. Through this comparison, one begins to understand the pathoecology of ancient anemia.