Landscape and Residential Variables Associated with Plague-Endemic Villages in the West Nile Region of Uganda

Authors

Katherine MacMillan, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort CollinsFollow
Russell E. Enscore, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort CollinsFollow
Asaph Ogen- Odoi
Jeff N. Borchert, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort CollinsFollow
Nackson Babi, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, UgandaFollow
Gerald Amatre, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, UgandaFollow
Linda A. Atiku, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, UgandaFollow
Paul S. Mead, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort CollinsFollow
Kenneth L. Gage, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort CollinsFollow
Rebecca J. Eisen, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, COFollow

Date of this Version

2011

Citation

Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 84(3), 2011, pp. 435–442

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2011.10-0571

Comments

US government work

Abstract

Plague, caused by the bacteria Yersinia pestis , is a severe, often fatal disease. This study focuses on the plagueendemic West Nile region of Uganda, where limited information is available regarding environmental and behavioral risk factors associated with plague infection. We conducted observational surveys of 10 randomly selected huts within historically classified case and control villages (four each) two times during the dry season of 2006 ( N = 78 case huts and N = 80 control huts), which immediately preceded a large plague outbreak. By coupling a previously published landscape-level statistical model of plague risk with this observational survey, we were able to identify potential residence-based risk factors for plague associated with huts within historic case or control villages (e.g., distance to neighboring homestead and presence of pigs near the home) and huts within areas previously predicted as elevated risk or low risk (e.g., corn and other annual crops grown near the home, water storage in the home, and processed commercial foods stored in the home). The identified variables are consistent with current ecologic theories on plague transmission dynamics. This preliminary study serves as a foundation for future case control studies in the area.