Tamm Review: Reforestation for resilience in dry western U.S. forests

Authors

Malcolm P. North, University of California, Davis & USDA Forest ServiceFollow
Jens T. Stevens, University of California, Berkeley & U. S. Geological Survey
David F. Greene, Humboldt State University
Michelle Coppoletta, USDA Forest Service
Eric E. Knapp, USDA Forest Service
Andrew M. Latimer, University of California, Davis
Christina M. Restaino, Tahoe Regional Planning Agency
Ryan E. Tompkins, USDA Forest Service
Kevin R. Welch, University of California, Davis
Rob A. York, University of California, Berkeley
Derek J.N. Young, University of California, Davis
Jodi N. Axelson, University of California, Berkeley
Tom N. Buckley, University of California, Davis
Becky L. Estes, USDA Forest Service,
Rachel N. Hager, Utah State University
Jonathan W. Long, USDA Forest Service
Marc D. Meyer, USDA Forest Service
Steven M. Ostoja, University of California, Davis
Hugh D. Safford, USDA Forest Service & University of California, Davis
Kristen L. Shive, University of California, Berkeley
Carmen L. Tubbesing, University of California, Berkeley
Dana Walsh, USDA Forest Service
Chhaya M. Werner, University of California, Berkeley
Peter Wyrsch, University of California, Berkeley
Heather Vice, University of California, Davis

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

9-21-2018

Citation

U.S. Government work

Comments

M.P. North et al. Forest Ecology and Management 432 (2019) 209–224

Abstract

The increasing frequency and severity of fire and drought events have negatively impacted the capacity and success of reforestation efforts in many dry, western U.S. forests. Challenges to reforestation include the cost and safety concerns of replanting large areas of standing dead trees, and high seedling and sapling mortality rates due to water stress, competing vegetation, and repeat fires that burn young plantations. Standard reforestation practices have emphasized establishing dense conifer cover with gridded planting, sometimes called 'pines in lines', followed by shrub control and pre-commercial thinning. Resources for such intensive management are increasingly limited, reducing the capacity for young plantations to develop early resilience to fire and drought. This paper summarizes recent research on the conditions under which current standard reforestation practices in the western U.S. may need adjustment, and suggests how these practices might be modified to improve their success. In particular we examine where and when plantations with regular tree spacing elevate the risk of future mortality, and how planting density, spatial arrangement, and species composition might be modified to increase seedling and sapling survival through recurring drought and fire events. Within large areas of contiguous mortality, we suggest a “three zone” approach to reforestation following a major disturbance that includes; (a) working with natural recruitment within a peripheral zone near live tree seed sources; (b) in a second zone, beyond effective seed dispersal range but in accessible areas, planting a combination of clustered and regularly spaced seedlings that varies with microsite water availability and potential fire behavior; and (c) a final zone defined by remote, steep terrain that in practice limits reforestation efforts to the establishment of founder stands. We also emphasize the early use of prescribed fire to build resilience in developing stands subject to increasingly common wildfires and drought events. Finally, we highlight limits to our current understanding of how young stands may respond and develop under these proposed planting and silvicultural practices, and identify areas where new research could help refine them.