Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Department of
Date of this Version
Fall 8-2011
Document Type
Article
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes late-term abortion in sows and pneumonia in growing piglets. PRRSV evades the host immune response by several mechanisms, including the modulation of cytokine secretions in infected pigs, which is the subject of this dissertation. Particularly, PRRSV reduces the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) but increases the secretion of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). The latter effect, however, is PRRSV strain-specific. In this dissertation, we have examined mechanisms by which PRRSV regulates TNF-α and IL-10 expressions. The pathogenic strain FL12, derived from a PRRSV infectious clone, consistently suppressed TNF-α but failed to induce IL-10 in infected swine cells. In addition, no significant IL-10 production takes place in pig tissues following infection with vFL12. Using a TNF-α promoter-reporter gene construct, we demonstrated that the viral non-structural proteins, Nsp1α and Nsp1β reduce the TNF-α promoter activity in transiently transfected cells, mainly by inhibiting the cellular transcription factors Nuclear Factor-κB (NF-κB) and Specificity Protein 1 (Sp1) respectively. Furthermore, screening of Nsp1α mutant constructs revealed that five amino acid residues (Gly90, Asn91, Arg97, Arg100, and Arg124) are important for inhibiting the TNF-α promoter activity. Nsp1α also reduced TNF-α protein levels in an in vitro translation assay, and Gly90 was important for this activity. Screening of Nsp1β mutant constructs showed that multiple amino acid stretches in all domains are important for inhibiting the TNF-α promoter activity. We obtained two mutant vFL12 strains with substitutions at Nsp1αGly90 and Nsp1β70SMVRE74 positions. Both mutant viruses increased TNF-α mRNA levels at early times after infection when compared to parental vFL12 strain in infected macrophages. However, only Nsp1α mutant virus induced higher TNF-α protein levels when compared to vFL12 in infected macrophage cultures. Moreover, Nsp1β mutant virus was attenuated in infected pigs. In summary, we have identified proteins that regulate the expression of TNF-α. These results may be useful for designing novel prophylactics and therapeutics for PRRSV.
Adviser: Fernando A. Osorio
Comments
A DISSERTATION Presented to the Faculty of The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska In partial Fulfillment of Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Major: Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Under the Supervision of Professor Fernando A. Osorio. Lincoln, Nebraska: August, 2011
Copyright 2011 Sakthivel Subramaniam