Loss of Exogenous Androgen Dependence by Prostate Tumor Cells Is Associated with Elevated Glucuronidation Potential

Authors

Brenna M. Zimmer, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Michelle E. Howell, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
Qin Wei, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Linlin Ma, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Trevor Romsdahl, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Eileen G. Loughman, University of Nebraska-Lincoln
Jennifer E. Markham, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
Javier Seravalli, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
Joseph J. Barycki, University of Nebraska at LincolnFollow
Melanie A. Simpson, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow

ORCID IDs

0000-0003-2397-3131 (JE Markham)

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

8-2016

Citation

Horm Cancer (August 2016) 7(4): 260–271

doi: 10.1007/s12672-016-0268-z

Comments

Copyright 2016, Springer International. Used by permission.

Abstract

Prostate epithelial cells control the potency and availability of androgen hormones in part by inactivation and elimination. UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (UGDH) catalyzes the NAD⁺-dependent oxidation of UDP-glucose to UDP-glucuronate, an essential precursor for androgen inactivation by the prostate glucuronidation enzymes UGT2B15 and UGT2B17. UGDH expression is androgen stimulated, which increases the production of UDP-glucuronate, and fuels UGT-catalyzed glucuronidation. In this study, we compared the glucuronidation potential and its impact on androgen-mediated gene expression in an isogenic LNCaP model for androgen dependent versus castration resistant prostate cancer. Despite significantly lower androgen-glucuronide output, LNCaP 81 castration resistant tumor cells expressed higher levels of UGDH, UGT2B15, and UGT2B17. However, the magnitude of androgen-activated UGDH and PSA expression, as well as the AR-dependent repression of UGT2B15 and UGT2B17, was blunted several-fold in these cells. Consistent with these results, the ligand-activated binding of AR to the PSA promoter and subsequent transcriptional activation were also significantly reduced in castration resistant cells. Analysis of the UDP-sugar pools and flux through pathways downstream of UDP-glucuronate production revealed that these glucuronidation precursor metabolites were channeled through proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan biosynthetic pathways, leading to increased surface expression of Notch 1. Knockdown of UGDH diminished Notch1 and increased glucuronide output. Overall, these results support a model in which the aberrant partitioning of UDP-glucuronate and other UDP-sugars into alternative pathways during androgen deprivation contributes to the loss of prostate tumor cell androgen sensitivity by promoting altered cell surface proteoglycan expression.