Biological Systems Engineering, Department of
Department of Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications
2020
High‐ and low‐molecular‐weight chitosan act as adjuvants during single‐dose influenza A virus protein vaccination through distinct mechanisms, Anna T. Lampe, Eric Farris, Deborah M. Brown, and Angela K. Pannier
Prediction of Neighbor-Dependent Microbial Interactions From Limited Population Data, Joon-Yong Lee, Shin Haruta, Souichiro Kato, Hans C. Bernstein, Stephen R. Lindemann, Dong-Yup Lee, JIm K. Fredrickson, and Hyun-Seob Song
Deep learning predicts microbial interactions from self-organized spatiotemporal patterns, Joon-Yong Lee, Natalie C. Sadler, Robert G. Egbert, Christopher R. Anderton, Kirsten S. Hofmockel, Janet K. Jansson, and Hyun-Seob Song
Effects of Farrowing Stall Layout and Number of Heat Lamps on Sow and Piglet Production Performance, Suzanne M. Leonard, Hongwei Xin, Tami M. Brown-Bandl, Brett C. Ramirez, Somak Dutta, and Gary A. Rohrer
Within-Field Variability in Granular Matrix Sensor Data and Its Implications for Irrigation Scheduling, T. Lo, H.C. Pringle III, Daran Rudnick, Geng Bai, L. Jason Krutz, D.M. Gholson, and Xin Qiao
Field assessment of interreplicate variability from eight electromagnetic soil moisture sensors, Tsz Him Lo, Daran Rudnick, Jasreman Singh, Hope Njuki Nakabuye, Abia Katimbo, Derek M. Heeren, and Yufeng Ge
Effect of Rotary Blade Modification on Residue Retention into Conservation Agriculture Practices, Md Talash Mahmud, Md Towfiqur Rahman, Md Mosharraf Hossain, and Muhammad Ashik-E-Rabbani
Classification of plant moisture conditions using canopy and leaf temperature responses to step changes of incident radiation, George Meyer, Ellen T. Paparozzi, and Erin Stevens
Setback distance impacts on transport and antibiotic resistance phenotypes of fecal indicators, Morgan A. Meyers, Lisa M. Durso, John E. Gilley, Daniel N. Miller, Xu Li, and Amy M. Schmidt Schmidt
Antibiotic resistance gene profile changes in cropland soil after manure application and rainfall, Morgan A. Meyers, Lisa M. Durso, John E. Gilley, Heidi Waldrip, Lana Castleberry, and Amy Schmidt
The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data, Gilberto Pastorello, Timothy Arkebauer, Dave P. Billesbach, Anatoly Gitelson, Adam Liska, Andrew Suyker, Elizabeth Walter-Shea, and More than 200 other
Ground and Aerial Robots for Agricultural Production: Opportunities and Challenges, Santosh Pitla, Sreekala Bajwa, Santosh Bhusal, Tom Brumm, Tami M. Brown-Brandl, Dennis R. Buckmaster, Isabella Condotta, John Fulton, Todd J. Janzen, Manoj Karkee, Mario Lopez, Robert Moorhead, Michael Sama, Leon Schumacher, Scott Shearer, and Alex Thomasson
Present Mechanization of Regional Tea Processing and Grading System in Bangladesh, Md Towfiqur Rahman, Marwa Rahman, Kaswar Hamid, Sabiha Ferdous, and Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun
Development of an In Vitro Intervertebral Disc Innervation Model to Screen Neuroinhibitory Biomaterials, Sarah M. Romereim; Caleb A. Johnston; Adan L. Redwine,; and Rebecca A. Wachs
Innovative Extension Methods in the U.S. to Promote Irrigation Water Management, Daran Rudnick, Matt Stockton, Saleh Taghvaeian, Jason Warren, Michael D. Dukes, Amy Kremen, Christopher G. Henry, Jonathan Aguilar, Brenda Ortiz, Allan A. Andales, Chuck A. Burr, Xin Qiao, Wei‑zhen Liang, Steven Walthour, and Steve H. Amosson
Comparative analyses of variable and fixed rate irrigation and nitrogen management for maize in different soil types: Part I. Impact on soil-water dynamics and crop evapotranspiration, Vasudha Sharma and Suat Irmak
Economic comparisons of variable rate irrigation and fertigation with fixed (uniform) rate irrigation and fertigation and pre-plant fertilizer management for maize in three soils, Vasudha Sharma and Suat Irmak
Temporal Trend Analysis of Meteorological Variables and Reference Evapotranspiration in the Inter-Mountain Region ofWyoming, Vivek Sharma, Christopher Nicholson, Antony Bergantino, Suat Irmak, and Dannele Peck
Capturing Spatial Variability in Maize and Soybean using Stationary Sensor Nodes, Jasreman Singh, Derek M. Heeren, Yufeng Ge, and Geng Bai
Soil Structure and Texture Effects on the Precision of Soil Water Content Measurements with a Capacitance-Based Electromagnetic Sensor, Jasreman Singh, Derek M. Heeren, Daran Rudnick, Wayne Woldt, Geng Bai, Yufeng Ge, and Joe D. Luck
An Automated Seepage Meter for Streams and Lakes, D. Kip Solomon, Eric Humphrey, Troy E. Gilmore, David P. Genereux, and Vitaly Zlotnik
An Automated Seepage Meter for Streams and Lakes, Douglas Kip Solomon, Eric Humphrey, Troy E. Gilmore, David P. Genereux, and Vitaly A. Zlotnik
Representing Organic Matter Thermodynamics in Biogeochemical Reations via Substrate-Explicit Modeling, Hyun-Seob Song, James C. Stegen, Emily B. Graham, Joon-Yong Lee, Vanessa A. Garayburu-Caruso, William C. Nelson, Xingyuan Chen, J. David Moulton, and Timothy D. Scheibe
Optimal depth jump height quantified as percentage of athlete stature, Curtis L. Tomasevicz, Ryan Hasenkamp, Jack W. Ransone, and David Jones
Risk of injury analysis in depth jump and squat jump, Curtis L. Tomasevicz, Jeffrey C. Woldstad, and david.jones@unl.edu
Comparison of Object Detection and Patch-Based Classification Deep Learning Models on Mid- to Late-SeasonWeed Detection in UAV Imagery, Arun Narenthiran Veeranampalayam Sivakumar, Jiating Li, Stephen Scott, Eric T. Psota, Amit J. Jhala, Joe D. Luck, and Jiating Li
Comparison of Object Detection and Patch-Based Classification Deep Learning Models on Mid- to Late-Season Weed Detection in UAV Imagery, Arun Narenthiran Veeranampalayam Sivakumar, Jiating Li, Stephen Scott, Eric T. Psota, Amit J. Jhala, Joe D. Luck, and Yeyin Shi
Predicting total petroleum hydrocarbons in field soils with Vis–NIR models developed on laboratory-constructed samples, Nuwan Wijewardane, Post Doc research associate; Yufeng Ge; Natasha Sihota; Thomas Hoelen; Toni Miao; and David C. Weindorf
Predicting total petroleum hydrocarbons in field soils with Vis–NIR models developed on laboratory-constructed samples, Nuwan K. Wijewardane, Yufeng Ge, Natasha Sihota, Thomas Hoelen, Toni Miaso, and David C. Weindorf
Teacher Level Factors and Student Achievement in a Cyber-Enabled Engineering Education Professional Development Program, Wei Zakharov, Johannes Strobel, and Heidi A. Diefes-Dux
Automatic Wheat Lodging Detection and Mapping in Aerial Imagery to Support High-Throughput Phenotyping and In-Season Crop Management, Biquan Zhao, Jiating Li, P. Stephen Baenziger, Vikas Belamkar, Yufeng Ge, Jian Zhang, and Yeyin Shi
Rapeseed Stand Count Estimation at Leaf Development Stages With UAV Imagery and Convolutional Neural Networks, Biquan Zhao, Chenghai Yang, Yeyin Shi, Qingxi Liao, Guangsheng Zhou, Chufeng Wang, Tianjin Xie, Zhao Jiang, Dongyan Zhang, Wanneng Yang, Chenglong Huang, Jing Xie, and Jian Zhang
2019
Optimization of process parameters and fermentation strategy for xylanase production in a stirred tank reactor using a mutant Aspergillus nidulans strain, Asmaa Abdella, Fernando Segato, and Mark R. Wilkins
Optimization of process parameters and fermentation strategy for xylanase production in a stirred tank reactor using a mutant Aspergillus nidulans strain, Asmaa Abdella, Fernando Segato, and Mark R. Wilkins
A Spatially Enhanced Data‐Driven Multimodel to Improve Semiseasonal Groundwater Forecasts in the High Plains Aquifer, USA, A. Amaranto, Francisco Munoz-Arriola, D. P. Solomatine, and G. Corzo
Economic Analysis of Deficit Irrigation in Sugarcane Farming: Nchalo Estate, Chikwawa District, Malawi, Mavuto M. Banda, Derek M. Heeren, Derrel Martin, Francisco Muñoz-Arriola, and László G. Hayde
Variable Rate Irrigation of Maize and Soybean in West-Central Nebraska under Full and Deficit Irrigation, J Burdette Barker, Sandeep Bhatti, Derek M. Heeren, Christopher M.U. Neale, and Daran Rudnick
A Role for Nanoparticles in Treating Traumatic Brain Injury, Badrul Alam Bony and Forrest M. Kievit
Actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of irrigated lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.) under semiarid climate, Koffi Djaman, Daran R. Rudnick, Yonnelle D. Moukoumbi, Abdoulaye Sow, and Suat Irmak
Meaningful Learner Information for MOOC Instructors Examined Through a Contextualized Evaluation Framework, Kerrie Douglas, Mitch Zielinski, Hillary Merzdorf, Heidi Diefes-Dux, and Peter Bermel
Microbial transport as affected by residue cover and manure application rate, Lisa M. Durso, John E. Gilley, Dave B. Marx, Chance A. Thayer, and Brian L. Woodbury
Narrow grass hedge effects on microbial transport following variable applications of beef cattle manure, Lisa M. Durso, John E. Gilley, Dave B. Marx, and Brian L. Woodbury
Wheat strip effects on microbial transport following variable applications of beef cattle manure, Lisa M. Durso, John E. Gilley, David B. Marx, Chance A. Thayer, and Bryan L. Woodbury
High‑throughput analysis of leaf physiological and chemical traits with VIS–NIR–SWIR spectroscopy: a case study with a maize diversity panel, Yufeng Ge, Abbas Atefi, Huichun Zhang, Chenyong Miao, Raghuprakash Kastoori Ramamurthy, Brandi Sigmon, Jinliang Yang, and James C. Schnable
Field evidence of a natural capillary barrier in a gravel alluvial aquifer, Todd Halihan, Ronald B. Miller, David Correll, Derek M. Heeren, and Garey A. Fox
Nucleic acid delivery to mesenchymal stem cells: a review of nonviral methods and applications, Andrew Hamann, Albert Nguyen, and Angela K. Pannier
Factors related to intra-tendinous morphology of Achilles tendon in runners, Kai-Yu Ho, Ari Baquet, Yu-Jen Chang, Lung-Chang Chien, Michelle Harty, Gregory Bashford, and Kornelia Kulig
Patellar Tendon Morphology in Trans-tibial Amputees Utilizing a Prosthesis with a Patellar-tendonbearing Feature, Kai-Yu Ho, Michelle Harty, Jessica Kellogg, Kelly Teter, Szu-Ping Lee, Yu-Jen Chang, and Gregory Bashford
Grain yield, crop and basal evapotranspiration, production functions and water productivity response of drought-tolerant and non-drought-tolerant maize hybrids under different irrigation levels, population densities and environments: Part II. In south-central and northeast Nebraska's transition zone and sub-humid environments, Suat Irmak, Ali T. Mohammed, and William Kranz
High-speed, high-frequency ultrasound, in utero vector-flow imaging of mouse embryos, Jeffrey A. Ketterling, Orlando Aristizabal, Billy Y. S. Yiu, Daniel H. Turnbull, Colin K. L. Phoon, Alfred C. H. Yu, and Ronald H. Silverman
Spatial Heterogeneity of Temporal Shifts in Extreme Precipitation across India, Manas Khan, Francisco Munoz-Arriola, Rehana Shaik, and Penny Greer
A Machine Learning Approach for Improving Near-Real-Time Satellite-Based Rainfall Estimates by Integrating Soil Moisture, Ashish Kumar, RAAJ Ramsankaran, Luca Brocca, and Francisco Munoz-Arriola
Agenator: An open source computer-controlled dry aging system for beef, Soon Kiat Lau, Felipe Azevedo Ribeiro, Jeyamkondan Subbiah, and Chris R. Calkins
Principal variable selection to explain grain yield variation in winter wheat from features extracted from UAV imagery, Jiating Li, Arun-Narenthiran Veeranampalayam-Sivakumar, Madhav Bhatta, Nicholas D. Garst, Hannah Stoll, P. Stephen Baenziger, Vikas Belamkar, Reka Howard, Yufeng Ge, and Jiating Li
Environmental and occupational impacts from U.S. beef slaughtering are of same magnitude of beef foodborne illnesses on human health, Shaobin Li, Jeyamkondan Subbiah, and Bruce Dvorak
Aesthetics, Ethics, and Lose-Lose Dilemmas in the Anthropocen, Adam Liska
Water effects on optical canopy sensing for late-season site-specific nitrogen management of maize, Tsz Him Lo, Daran Rudnick, Brian Krienke, Derek M. Heeren, Yufeng Ge, and Tim M. Shaver
Water effects on optical canopy sensing for late-season site-specific nitrogen management of maize, Tsz Him Lo, Daran Rudnick, Brian Krienke, D. M. Heeren, Yufeng Ge, and Tim M. Shaver
Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of a Camelina sativa Spring Panel, Zinan Luo, Jordan Brock, John M. Dyer, Toni Kutchan, Daniel P. Schachtman, Megan Augustin, Yufeng Ge, Noah Fahlgren, and Hussein Abdel-Haleem
Biomaterial substrate modifications that influence cell-material interactions to prime cellular responses to nonviral gene delivery, Amy Mantz and Angela K. Pannier
Free Polyethylenimine Enhances Substrate-Mediated Gene Delivery on Titanium Substrates Modified With RGD-Functionalized Poly(acrylic acid) Brushes, Amy Mantz, Alice Rosenthal, Eric Farris, Tyler Kozisek, Eva Bittrich, Saghar Nazari, Eva Schubert, Mathias Schubert, Manfred Stamm, Petra Uhlmann, and Angela K. Pannier
Hydrogen Peroxide Sensors for Biomedical Applications, Jakob Meier, Eric M. Hofferber, Joseph A. Stapleton, and Nicole M. Iverson
Fuzzy control system for variable rate irrigation using remote sensing, Willians Ribeiro Mendes, Fábio Meneghetti U. Araújo, Ritaban Dutta, and Derek M. Heeren
Antibiotic resistance gene profile changes in cropland soil after manure application and rainfall, Morgan Meyers, Lisa Durso, John E. Gilley, Heidi Waldrip, Lana Castleberry, and Amy Millmier Schmidt
SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR MONITORING PLEURAL FLUID, Dimitrios Miserlis, Kim Cluff, Abby M. Kelly, Suzanne J. Higgins, and Max H. Twedt
Evaluation of selected watershed characteristics to identify best management practices to reduce Nebraskan nitrate loads from Nebraska to the Mississippi/Atchafalaya River basin, Aaron R. Mittelstet, Troy E. Gilmore, Tiffany Messer, Daran Rudnick, and Thomas Heatherly
Grain yield, crop and basal evapotranspiration, production functions and water productivity response of drought-tolerant and non-drought-tolerant maize hybrids under different irrigation levels, and population densities: Part I. In western Nebraska's semi-arid environments, Ali T. Mohammed, Suat Irmak, William Kranz, Simon van Donk, and C. Dean Yonts
Identifying Advantages and Disadvantages of Variable Rate Irrigation – An Updated Review, S. A. O’Shaughnessy, Steve R. Evett, Paul D. Colaizzi, Manuel A. Andrade, Thomas H. Marek, Derek M. Heeren, Freddie R. Lamm, and Jacob L. LaRue
Microcontroller Based Granular Urea Application Attachment for Rice Transplanter, Md Towfiqur Rahman, Md Monjurul Alam, Md Mosharraf Hossain, and Muhammad Rashed Al Mamun
The Development of the INFEWS-ER: A Virtual Resource Center for Transdisciplinary Graduate Student Training at the Nexus of Food, Energy, and Water, Luis F. Rodriguez, Anna-Maria Marshall, Dan Cotton, Richard K. Koelsch, Jacek Koziel, Deanne Meyer, Dan Steward, Jill Heemstra, Anand Padmanabahn, John Classen, Nathan J. Meyer, Benjamin L. Ruddell, Sean M. Ryan, Ximing Cai, Emad Habib, and Peter D. Saundry
Deficit Irrigation Management of Maize in the High Plains Aquifer Region: A Review, Daran Rudnick, Sibel Irmak, C. West, J.L. Chavez, I. Kisekka, T.H. Marek, J.P. Schneekloth, D. Mitchell McCallister, V. Sharma, K. Djaman, J. Aguilar, M.E. Schipanski, D.H. Rogers, and A. Schlegel
Quantifying and correcting for clay content effects on soil water measurement by reflectometers, Jasreman Singh, Tsz Him Lo, Daran Rudnick, Suat Irmak, and Humberto Blanco-Canqui
Minimal Interspecies Interaction Adjustment (MIIA): Inference of Neighbor-Dependent Interactions in Microbial Communities, Hyun-Seob Song, Joon-Yong Lee, Shin Haruta, William C. Nelson, Dong-Yup Lee, Stephen R. Lindemann, Jim K. Fredrickson, and Hans C. Bernstein
SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZING FED-BATCH HYDROLYSIS OF BIOMASS, Chao Tai and Deepak R. Keshwani
Heterologous expression and functional characterization of a GH10 endoxylanase from Aspergillus fumigatus var. niveus with potential biotechnological application, Josman Velasco, Bianca Oliva, Evandro Jose Mulinari, Leidy Patricia Quintero, Awana da Silva Lima, Aline Larissa Goncalves, Thiago Augusto Goncalves, Andre Damasio, Fabio Marcio Squina, Adriane Maria Ferreira Milagres, Asmaa Abdella, Mark R. Wilkins, and Fernando Segato
Metabolic compounds within the porcine uterine environment are unique to the type of conceptus present during the early stages of blastocyst elongation, Sophie C. Walsh, Jeremy R. Miles, Linxing Yao, Corey D. Broeckling, Lea A. Rempel, Elane C. Wright-Johnson, and Angela K. Pannier
Design of Plant Protection UAV Variable Spray System Based on Neural Networks, Sheng Wen, Quanyong Zhang, Xuanchun Yin, Yubin Lan, Jiantao Zhang, and Yufeng Ge
Early Prediction of Soybean Traits through Color and Texture Features of Canopy RGB Imagery, Wenan Yuan, Nuwan Kumara Wijewardane, Shawn Jenkins, Geng Bai, Yufeng Ge, and George L. Graef
Rapeseed Seedling Stand Counting and Seeding Performance Evaluation at Two Early Growth Stages Based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Imagery, Biquan Zhao, Jian Zhang, Chenghai Yang, Guangsheng Zhou, Youchun Ding, Yeyin Shi, Dongyan Zhang, Jing Xie, and Qingxi Liao
TIME-DOMAIN AND FREQUENCY-DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY TYPE SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR PERFORMANCE AND SOIL TEMPERATURE EFFECTS IN FINE- AND COARSE-TEXTURED SOILS, Y. Zhu, S. Irmak, A. J. Jhala, M. C. Vuran, and A. Diotto
2018
Semi-seasonal groundwater forecast using multiple data-driven models in an irrigated cropland, Alessandro Amaranto, Francisco Munoz-Arriola, Gerald Corzo, Dimitri Solomatine, and George Meyer
HYDROLOGIC EVALUATION OF RESIDENTIAL RAIN GARDENS USING A STORMWATER RUNOFF SIMULATOR, A. R. Anderson, T. G. Franti, and D. P. Shelton
Field-Based Scoring of Soybean Iron Deficiency Chlorosis Using RGB Imaging and Statistical Learning, Geng Bai, Shawn Jenkins, Wenan Yuan, George L. Graef, and Yufeng Ge
Cover Crops Have Negligible Impact on Soil Water in Nebraska Maize–Soybean Rotation, J. Burdette Barker, Derek M. Heeren, Katja Koehler-Cole, Charles Shapiro, Humberto Blanco-Canqui, Roger W. Elmore, Christopher A. Proctor, Suat Irmak, Charles A. Francis, Tim M. Shaver, and Ali T. Mohammed
Evaluation of a Hybrid Reflectance-Based Crop Coefficient and Energy Balance Evapotranspiration Model for Irrigation Management, J. Burdette Barker, Christopher M. U. Neale, Derek M. Heeren, and Andrew E. Suyker
Evaluation of variable rate irrigation using a remote-sensing-based model, John Burdette Barker, Derek M. Heeren, Christopher M.U. Neale, and Daran Rudnick
EFFECTS OF SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS ON WATER AND NITROGEN FOOTPRINTS SIMULATED WITH RZWQM2, Kristina J. Craft, Matthew J. Helmers, Robert W. Malone, Carl H. Pederson, and Linda R. Schott
Evaluation of critical nitrogen and phosphorus models for maize under full and limited irrigation conditions, Koffi Djaman and Suat Irmak
Effects of Alternate Wetting and Drying Irrigation Regime and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Irrigated Rice in the Sahel, Koffi Djaman, Valere C. Mel, Lamine Diop, Abdoulaye Sow, Raafat El-Namaky, Baboucarr Manneh, Kazuki Saito, Koichi Futakuchi, and Suat Irmak
Crop Evapotranspiration, IrrigationWater Requirement and Water Productivity of Maize from Meteorological Data under Semiarid Climate, Koffi Djaman, Michael O'Neill, Curtis K. Owen, Daniel Smeal, Komlan Koudahe, Margaret West, Samuel Allen, Kevin Lombard, and Suat Irmak
Impact of Vegetative Treatment Systems on Multiple Measures of Antibiotic Resistance in Agricultural Wastewater, Lisa M. Durso, Daniel N. Miller, and Christopher G. Henry
A Tunable, Three-Dimensional In Vitro Culture Model of Growth Plate Cartilage Using Alginate Hydrogel Scaffolds, Alek G. Erickson, Taylor D. Laughlin, Sarah M. Romereim, Catherine N. Sargus-Patino, Angela K. Pannier, and Andrew T. Dudley
Integration of hydrogeophysical datasets and empirical orthogonal functions for improved irrigation water management, Catherine E. Finkenbiner, Trenton E. Franz, Justin P. Gibson, Derek M. Heeren, and J. D. Luck
Tradeoffs in Model Performance and Effort for Long-Term Phosphorus Leaching Based on In Situ Field Data, Ryan P. Freiberger, Derek M. Heeren, Dean E. Eisenhauer, Aaron R. Mittelstet, and Guillermo Baigorria
Surface Detention on Cropland, Rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program Areas, John E. Gilley
Impacts of cover crops on soil physical properties: Field capacity, permanent wilting point, soil-water holding capacity, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and infiltration, Suat Irmak, Vivek Sharma, Ali T. Mohammed, and Koffi Djaman
Nitric Oxide Sensors for Biological Applications, Nicole M. Iverson, Eric M. Hofferber, and Joseph A. Stapleton
NEAR INFRARED FLUORESCENT SINGLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES AS TISSUE LOCALIZABLE BIOSENSORS, Nicole M. Iverson, Michael S. Strano, Nigel F. Strano, and Thomas P. McNicholas
The Open Source GAITOR Suite for Rodent Gait Analysis, Brittany Y. Jacobs, Emily H. Lakes, Alex J. Reiter, Spencer P. Lake, Trevor R. Ham, Nic D. Leipzig, Stacy L. Porvasnik, Christine E. Schmidt, Rebecca A. Wachs, and Kyle D. Allen
Phenotypic responses to interspecies competition and commensalism in a naturally derived microbial co-culture, Nymul Khan, Yukari Maezato, Ryan S. McClure, Colin J. Brislawn, Jennifer M. Mobberley, Nancy Isern, William B. Chrisler, Lye Meng Markillie, Brett M. Barney, Hyun-Seob Song, William C. Nelson, and Hans C. Bernstein