Echinococcus multilocularis in Foxes and Raccoon Dogs: An Increasing Concern for Baltic Countries

Authors

Guna Bagrade, Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”
Gunita Deksne, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”
Zanda Ozoliņa, Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”
Samantha Jane Howlett, Latvian State Forest Research Institute “Silava”
Maria Interisano, Istituto Superiore di Sanità
Adriano Casulli, WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection, and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis
Edoardo Pozio, Istituto Superiore di Sanità

Date of this Version

2016

Document Type

Article

Citation

Parasites and Vectors (2016) 9: 615

doi: 10.1186/s13071-016-1891-9

Comments

Copyright 2016, the authors. Open access material

License: CC BY 4.0 International

Abstract

Background

In Europe, the life cycle of Echinococcus multilocularis is predominantly sylvatic, involving red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) as the main definitive hosts and rodents such as muskrats and arvicolids as intermediate hosts. The parasite is the etiological agent of human alveolar echinococcosis, a malignant zoonotic disease caused by the accidental ingestion of eggs shed by definitive hosts in their feces. The aims of this study were to investigate the prevalence of E. multilocularis in red foxes and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and to study the environmental factors favoring the perpetuation of the parasite in Latvia.

Methods

A total of 538 red foxes and 407 raccoon dogs were collected across Latvia from 2010 to 2015. The sedimentation and counting technique was used for collecting E. multilocularis adult worms from fox and raccoon dog intestines. The morphological identification of the parasite was confirmed by molecular analysis.

Results

The prevalence of E. multilocularis was significantly higher in foxes (17.1%; intensity of infection 1–7,050 worms) (P < 0.001) than in raccoon dogs (8.1%; intensity of infection 5–815 worms). In foxes, a significant positive correlation (r₍₁₀₎ = 0.7952, P = 0.001) was found between parasite prevalence and the intensity of infection. A positive relationship (R_s = 0.900, n = 5, P = 0.037) between parasite prevalence and precipitation was also observed. In raccoon dogs, a significant negative relationship (F_(1,8) = 9.412, P = 0.015) between animal density and parasite prevalence, and a significant positive relationship (F_(1,8) = 7.869, P = 0.023) between parasite prevalence and agricultural land cover, were detected.

Conclusions

The results of this study confirm the red fox as the most important definitive host of E. multilocularis and, consequently, as the main target for control programs in the Baltic countries. Raccoon dogs seem to play a secondary role in the life cycle of E. multilocularis within the investigated European region.