Indirect effects of parasites in invasions

Authors

Alison M. Dunn, University of LeedsFollow
Mark E. Torchin, Smithsonian Tropical Research InstituteFollow
Melanie J. Hatcher, University of Leeds
Peter M. Kotanen, University of Toronto MississaugaFollow
Dana M. Blumenthal, USDA-ARSFollow
James E. Byers, University of GeorgiaFollow
Courtney A.C. Coon, University of South FloridaFollow
Victor M. Frankel, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
Robert D. Holt, University of FloridaFollow
Ruth A. Hufbauer, Colorado State University - Fort CollinsFollow
Andrew R. Kanarek, University of TennesseeFollow
Kristina A. Schierenbeck, California State UniversityFollow
Lorne M. Wolfe, Georgia Southern UniversityFollow
Sarah E. Perkins, Cardiff School of Biosciences

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

2012

Citation

Functional Ecology 2012, 26, 1262–1274; doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02041.x

Abstract

1. Introduced species disrupt native communities and biodiversity worldwide. Parasitic infections (and at times, their absence) are thought to be a key component in the success and impact of biological invasions by plants and animals. They can facilitate or limit invasions, and positively or negatively impact native species.

2. Parasites have not only direct effects on their hosts, but also indirect effects on the species with which their hosts interact. Indirect effects include density-mediated effects (resulting from parasite-induced reduction in host reproduction and survival) as well as trait-mediated indirect effects (resulting from parasite-induced changes in host phenotype, behavior or life history). These effects are not mutually exclusive but often interact.

3. The importance of these indirect interactions for invasion success, and the extent to which these effects ramify throughout communities and influence ecosystems undergoing biological invasion provide the focus of our review. Examples from the animal and plant literature illustrate the importance of parasites in mediating both competitive and consumer–resource interactions between native and invasive species.

4. Parasites are involved in indirect interactions at all trophic levels. Furthermore, the indirect effects of parasitic infection are important at a range of biological scales from within a host to the whole ecosystem in determining invasion success and impact.

5. To understand the importance of parasitic infection in invasion success and in the outcomes for invaded communities requires an interdisciplinary approach by ecologists and parasitologists, across animal and plant systems. Future research should develop a framework integrating community ecology, evolution and immunology to better understand and manage the spread of invasive species and their diseases.