Development of an environmentally friendly halogen-free phosphorus–nitrogen bond flame retardant for cotton fabrics

Authors

Thach-Mien D. Nguyen, USDA-ARSFollow
SeChin Chang, USDA-ARSFollow
Brian Condon, USDA-ARSFollow
Minori Uchimiya, USDA-ARSFollow
Chanel Fortier, USDA-ARSFollow

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

2012

Citation

Polym. Adv. Technol. 2012, 23 1555–1563; doi: 10.1002/pat.3029

Abstract

A novel flame retardant diethyl 4-methylpiperazin-1-ylphosphoramidate (CN-3) containing phosphorous and nitrogen was prepared. Its chemical structure was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-, ¹³C-, and ³¹P-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Print cloth and twill fabrics were treated with CN-3 to achieve different levels of add-on (7–22 wt% add-ons for print cloth and 3–18wt% add-ons for twill). Thermogravimetric analysis, vertical flame test, and limiting oxygen index (LOI) were performed on the treated cotton fabrics and showed promising results. When the treated print cloth and twill fabric samples were tested using the vertical flame test (ASTM D6413-08), we observed that the ignited fabrics self-extinguished and left behind a streak of char. Treated higher add-ons fabrics were neither consumed by flame nor produced glowing ambers upon self-extinguishing. LOI (ASTM 2863–09) was used to determine the effectiveness of the flame retardant on the treated fabrics. LOI values increased from 18 vol% oxygen in nitrogen for untreated print cloth and twill fabrics to maximum of 28 and 31 wt% for the highest add-ons of print cloth and twill, respectively. The results from cotton fabrics treated with CN-3 demonstrated a higher LOI value as well as a higher char yield because of the effectiveness of phosphorus and nitrogen as a flame retardant for cotton fabrics. Furthermore, FT-IR and SEM were used to characterize the chemical structure on the treated fabrics as well as the surface morphology of char areas of treated and untreated fabrics.