United States Geological Survey
United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications
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Date of this Version
7-1982
Citation
The Journal of Wildlife Management, Vol. 46, No. 3 (Jul., 1982), pp. 686-693.
Abstract
Gray wolves (Canis lupus) were studied from April 1972 through April 1974 in National Forest in northeastern Minnesota by radio-tracking and simulated howling. Based during 217 of 456 howling sessions, the following recommendations were derived for using howling as a census technique: (1) the best times of day are dusk and night; (2) July, August, and are the best months; (3) precipitation and winds greater than 12 km/hour should be avoided; (of 5 single howls should be used, alternating "flat" and "breaking" howls; (5) trials should 3 times at about 2-minute intervals with the first trial at lower volume; and (6) the trial series repeated on 3 nights as close to each other as possible. Two censuses are described: a saturation and a sampling census.
Included in
Animal Sciences Commons, Behavior and Ethology Commons, Biodiversity Commons, Environmental Policy Commons, Recreation, Parks and Tourism Administration Commons, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons
Comments
U.S. government work.