Use of Tracers and Isotopes to Evaluate Vulnerability of Water in Domestic Wells to Septic Waste

Authors

Ingrid M. Verstraeten, USGS, Reston, VAFollow
Gregory S. Fetterman, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration ServiceFollow
Michael T. Meyer, USGS, Kansas Water Science CenterFollow
Thomas D. Bullen, USGS, Menlo Park, CAFollow
Sonja Sebree, USGS Water Resources Discipline, Lincoln, NEFollow

Document Type

Article

Date of this Version

Spring 2005

Citation

Ground Water Monitoring & Remediation 25, no. 2/ Spring 2005/pages 107–117

Comments

U.S. government work

Abstract

In Nebraska, a large number (>200) of shallow sand-point and cased wells completed in coarse alluvial sediments along rivers and lakes still are used to obtain drinking water for human consumption, even though construction of sand-point wells for consumptive uses has been banned since 1987. The quality of water from shallow domestic wells potentially vulnerable to seepage from septic systems was evaluated by analyzing for the presence of tracers and multiple isotopes. Samples were collected from 26 sand-point and perforated, cased domestic wells and were analyzed for bacteria, coliphages, nitrogen species, nitrogen and boron isotopes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), prescription and nonprescription drugs, or organic waste water contaminants. At least 13 of the 26 domestic well samples showed some evidence of septic system effects based on the results of several tracers including DOC, coliphages, NH₄⁺, NO₃^–, N₂, δ¹⁵N[NO₃^–] and boron isotopes, and antibiotics and other drugs. Sand-point wells within 30 m of a septic system and <14 m deep in a shallow, thin aquifer had the most tracers detected and the highest values, indicating the greatest vulnerability to contamination from septic waste.