Chemical and Biological Characterization of the Anticancer Potency of Salvia fruticosa in a Model of Human Malignant Melanoma

Authors

Sotiris Kyriakou, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics; The Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineFollow
Venetia Tragkola, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics; The Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineFollow
Michael Plioukas, University of NicosiaFollow
Ioannis Anestopoulos, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics; The Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineFollow
Paschalina S. Chatzopoulou, Institute of Breeding & Plant Genetic ResourcesFollow
Eirini Sarrou, Institute of Breeding & Plant Genetic ResourcesFollow
Dimitrios T. Trafalis, National & Kapodistrian University of AthensFollow
Maria V. Deligiorgi, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens
Rodrigo Franco, University of Nebraska-LincolnFollow
Aglaia Pappa, Democritus University of ThraceFollow
Mihalis I. Panayiotidi, Northumbria University & The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics & The Cyprus School of Molecular MedicineFollow

ORCID IDs

Sotiris Kyriakou https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6195-6570

Michael Plioukas https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4812-4048

Ioannis Anestopoulos https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2052-8470

Dimitrios T. Trafalis https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4066-9780

Rodrigo Franco https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3241-8615

Aglaia Pappa https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0913-4315

Mihalis I. Panayiotidis https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1450-3552

Date of this Version

11-16-2021

Citation

Kyriakou, S.; Tragkola, V.; Plioukas, M.; Anestopoulos, I.; Chatzopoulou, P.S.; Sarrou, E.; Trafalis, D.T.; Deligiorgi, M.V.; Franco, R.; Pappa, A.; et al. Chemical and Biological Characterization of the Anticancer Potency of Salvia fruticosa in a Model of Human Malignant Melanoma. Plants 2021, 10, 2472. https:/doi.org/10.3390/plants/ 10112472

Comments

© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Abstract

Malignant melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of skin cancer with an increasing incidence worldwide. Thus, the development of innovative therapeutic approaches is of great importance. Salvia fruticosa (SF) is known for its anticancer properties and in this context, we aimed to investigate its potential anti-melanoma activity in an in vitro model of human malignant melanoma. Cytotoxicity was assessed through a colorimetric-based sulforhodamine-B (SRB) assay in primary malignant melanoma (A375), non-malignant melanoma epidermoid carcinoma (A431) and non-tumorigenic melanocyte neighbouring keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells. Among eight (8) different fractions of S. fruticosa extracts (SF1-SF8) tested, SF3 was found to possess significant cytotoxic activity against A375 cells, while A431 and HaCaT cells remained relatively resistant or exerted no cytotoxicity, respectively. In addition, the total phenolic (Folin–Ciocalteu assay) and total flavonoid content of SF extracts was estimated, whereas the antioxidant capacity was measured via the inhibition of tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation levels. Finally, apoptotic cell death was assessed by utilizing a commercially available kit for the activation of caspases - 3, - 8 and - 9. In conclusion, the anti-melanoma properties of SF3 involve the induction of both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathway(s), as evidenced by the increased activity levels of caspases - 8, and - 9, respectively.