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Abstract

I. Introduction

II. Wessmann v. Gittens … A. Background ... 1. Affirmative Duties to Desegregate ... 2. Constitutional Analysis of Voluntary Desegregation Measures ... a. Strict Scrutiny ... b. Compelling Governmental Interest: Diversity? ... c. Narrow Tailoring ...B. Facts ... C. First Circuit Court of Appeals Opinion … 1. Strict Scrutiny ... 2. Compelling Governmental Interests ... a. Diversity ... b. Remedying Past Discrimination ... 3. Narrow Tailoring ... 4. Circuit Judge Boudin's Concurrence ... 5. Circuit Judge Lipez's Dissent

III. Analysis: The Trend Away From Voluntary Affirmative Measures to Desegregate Public Schools ... A. Wessmann's Impact on Voluntary Affirmative Desegregation Measures ... B. The Future of Affirmative Desegregation Measures

IV. Conclusion

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