National Wildlife Research Center

NWRC Website

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Fort Collins, CO 80521
tel: (970) 266-6000 fax: (970) 266-6032

Contact: Diana.L.Dwyer@aphis.usda.gov

The U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC) is the federal institution devoted to resolving problems caused by the interaction of wild animals and society. The Center applies scientific expertise to the development of practical methods to resolve these problems and to maintain the quality of the environments shared with wildlife.

This site contains publications of the NWRC or its staff. Material prepared by employees of the US Government in the course of their official duties cannot be copyrighted.

"The Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management does not necessarily concur, endorse or recommend all of the opinions and/or images contained within these documents. Should you use or rely on the information, techniques and materials provided by the ICWDM, you are responsible for determinations of efficacy and legality of such use and/or reliance, and you will at all times defend, indemnify and hold harmless the Board of Regents of the University of Nebraska, Utah State University, Cornell University, and Clemson University, their officers, employees and agents against all claims, demands, costs, and expenses arise from your use of or reliance on any information provided in the ICWDM and the Digital Commons. The ICWDM includes these sources for purposes of historical record, completeness and research."

2010

Increased Abundance and First Breeding Record of the Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) on the Alluvial Plain of Mississippi, Katie C. Hanson, Travis L. DeVault, and Stephen J. Dinsmore

Field Testing Class IIIb Handheld Lasers to Disperse Roosting Blackbirds, H. Jeffrey Homan, Anthony Slowik, Bradley Blackwell, and George Linz

European Starling Preferences for Bait Substrates Used In DRC-1339 Applications, H. Jeffrey Homan USDA/APHIS/Wildlife Services’ National Wildlife Research Center, 2110 Miriam Circle, Suite B, Bismarck, ND 58501, USA; George Linz; Scott Beckerman; Anthony Duffiney; and Thomas Halstead

Why don’t rats and mice vomit? A behavioral and anatomical investigation, C.C. Horn, National Wildlife Res. Ctr, G.R. Gathright, B. Yates, and P.L. Andrews

On a Quest for Safer Skies: Managing the Growing Threat of Wildlife Hazards to Aviation, Gail Keirn, Jonathon Cepek, Brad Blackwell, and Travis DeVaul

Effects of Aquaculture on Migration and Movement Patterns of Double-Crested Cormorants, D. Tommy King, Bradley Blackwell, and Brian Dorr

Assessment of Bird Damage to Sunflower and Corn in North Dakota, Megan Klosterman, George Linz, Tony Slowik, and William Bleier

Avian Piscivores as Vectors for Myxobolus cerebralis in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, Todd M. Koel, Billie L. Kerans, Scott C. Barras, Katie C. Hanson, and John S. Wood

An Evaluation of Diazacon as a Potential Contraceptive in Non-Native Rose-Ringed Parakeets, Mark Lambert, Giovanna Massel, Christi Yoder, and David Cowan

Evaluation of Large, Mobile, Decoy Traps for Managing Blackbird Damage to Ripening Sunflower, George M. Linz, Anthony Slowik, H. Jeffrey Homan, and Robert Byrd

Evaluation of Feral Swine- Specific Feeder Systems, David B. Long, Tyler A. Campbell, and Giovanna Massei

Antibodies to Influenza and West Nile Viruses in Horses in Mexico, M. A. Loroño-Pino, J. A. Farfan-Ale, J. E. Garcia-Rejon, M. Lin, E. Rosado-Paredes, F. I. Puerto, A. Bates, J. J. Root, A. B. Franklin, H. J. Sullivan, and B. J. Blitvich

Contraceptive Efficacy of a Novel Intrauterine Device (IUD) in White-Tailed Deer, Karl D. Malcolm, Timothy R. Van Deelen, David Drake, Darrel J. Kesler, and Kurt C. VerCauteren

Reproductive Biology of Male Brown Treesnakes (Boiga irregularis) on Guam, Tom Mathies, John A. Cruz, Valentine A. Lance, and Julie A. Savidge

Acetaminophen as an Oral Toxicant for Nile Monitor Lizards (Varanus niloticus) and Burmese Pythons (Python molurus bivittatus), Richard E. Mauldin and Peter J. Savarie

Seeking a Second Opinion: Uncertainty in Disease Ecology, Brett T. McClintock, James D. Nichols, Larissa L. Bailey, Darryl I. MacKenzie, William. L. Kendall, and Alan B. Franklin

Test of Localized Management for Reducing Deer Browsing in Forest Regeneration Areas, Brad F. Miller, Tyler Campbell, Ben Laseter, W. Mark Ford, and Karl Miller

Fine-Scale Genetic and Social Structuring in a Central Appalachian White-Tailed Deer Herd, Brad F. Miller, Randy W. Deyoung, Tyler A. Campbell, Benjamin R. Laseter, W. Mark Ford, and Karl V. Miller

Foot-and-Mouth Disease in Feral Swine: Susceptibility and Transmission, F. Mohamed, S. Swafford, H. Petrowski, A. Bracht, B. Schmit, A. Fabian, J. M. Pacheco, E. Hartwig, M. Berninger, C. Carrillo, G. Mayr, K. Moran, D. Kavanaugh, H. Leibrecht, W. White, and S. Metwally

The Earliest House Sparrow Introductions to North America, Michael P. Moulton, Wendell P. Cropper Jr., Michael L. Avery, and Linda E. Moulton

A Silent Enzootic of an Orthopoxvirus in Ghana, West Africa: Evidence for Multi-Species Involvement in the Absence of Widespread Human Disease, Mary G. Reynolds, Darin S. Carroll, Victoria A. Olson, Christine Hughes, Jack Galley, Anna Likos, Joel M. Montgomery, Richard Suu-Ire, Mubarak O. Kwasi, J. Jeffrey Root, Zach Braden, Jason Abel, Cody Clemmons, Russell Regnery, Kevin Karem, and Inger K. Damon

Experimental Infection of Raccoons (Procyon lotor) with West Nile Virus, J. Jeffrey Root, Kevin T. Bentler, Nicole M. Nemeth, Thomas Gidlewski, Terry R. Spraker, and Alan B. Franklin

Response of Captive Skunks to Microencapsulated Tetracycline, Brandon S. Schmit, Thomas M. Primus, Jerome C. Hurley, Dennis J. Kohler, and Shawna F. Graves

Potential Economic Damage From Introduction of Brown Tree Snakes, Boiga Irregularis (Reptilia: Colubridae), to The Islands Of Hawai‘i, Stephanie A. Shwiff, Karen Gebhardt, Katy N. Kirkpatrick, and Steven S. Shwiff

The Versatility of Graded Acoustic Measures in Classification of Predation Threats by the Tufted Titmouse Baeolophus bicolor: Exploring a Mixed Framework for Threat Communication, Kathryn E. Sieving, Stacia A. Hetrick, and Michael L. Avery

Host-Specificity of Myxoma Virus: Pathogenesis of South American and North American Strains of Myxoma Virus in Two North American Lagomorph Species, L. Silvers, D. Barnard, F. Knowlton, B. Inglis, A. Labudovic, M.K. Holland, P.A. Janssens, B.H. van Leeuwen, and P.J. Kerr

Assessment of Woven Wire for Reducing Predation on Red-Winged Blackbird Nests, Anthony A. Slowik, George M. Linz, and H. Jeffrey Homan

Mite-Filled Cyst on a Brown-headed Cowbird (Molothrus ater) in Florida, USA, Marilyn G. Spalding, James W. Mertins, Matthew J. Reetz, Kandy L. Keacher, Michael L. Avery, and Ellis C. Greiner

Evaluation of Christmas Bird Counts and Landscape Factors as Indicators of Local Blackbird and European Starling Winter Roosts, Matthew Strassburg, George Linz, and William Bleier

Polyurea Elastomer Protects Utility Pole Crossarms From Damage by Pileated Woodpeckers, Shelagh Tupper, William Andelt, John Cummings, Charles Weisner, and Richard Harness

Identification and Management of Wildlife Damage, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Richard A. Dolbeer, and Eric M. Gese

Increased Risk of Chronic Wasting Disease in Rocky Mountain Elk Associated With Decreased Magnesium and Increased Manganese in Brain Tissue, Stephen N. White, Katherine I. O’Rourke, Thomas Gidlewski, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Michelle R. Mousel, Gregory E. Phillips, and Terry R. Spraker

Epizootiologic Survey of Mycobacterium Bovis in Wildlife and Farm Environments in Northern Michigan, Gary Witmer, Amanda E. Fine, James Gionfriddo, Michael Pipas, Kirk Shively, Kim Piccolo, and Patrick Burke

Potential Attractants for Detecting and Removing Invading Gambian Giant Pouched Rats (Cricetomys gambianus), Gary Witmer, Nathan Snow, and Patrick Burke

Evaluating commercially available rodenticide baits for invasive Gambian giant pouched rats (Cricetomys gambianus), Gary W. Witmer, Nathan P. Snow, and Patrick W. Burke

New Evidence Suggests Southern China as a Common Source of Multiple Clusters of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza Virus, Bin Wu, Chengmin Wang, Guoying Dong, Yunhai Guo, Dale Louis Nolte, Thomas Jude Deliberto, Jianguo Xu, Mingxing Duan, and Hongxuan He

2009

Ecological correlates of risk and incidence of West Nile virus in the United States, Brian F. Allan, R. Brian Langerhans, Wade A. Ryberg, William J. Landesman, Nicholas W. Griffin, Rachael S. Katz, Brad J. Oberle, Michele R. Schutzenhofer, Kristina N. Smyth, Annabelle de St. Maurice, Larry Clark, Kevin R. Crooks, Daniel E. Hernandez, Robert G. McLean, Richard S. Ostfeld, and Jonathan M. Chase

Spatial Ecology of Raccoons Related to Cattle and Bovine Tuberculosis in Northeastern Michigan, Todd C. Atwood, Thomas J. Deliberto, Holly J. Smith, Justin S. Stevenson, and Kurt C. Vercauteren

Spatial Partitioning of Predation Risk in a Multiple Predator–Multiple Prey System, Todd C. Atwood, Eric Gese, and Kyran Kunkel

Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise), Ctenosaura similis (Gray's Spiny-Tailed Iguana) Predation, Michael L. Avery, Eric Tillman, and Kenneth Krysko

Effects of a synthetic gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist, leuprolide, on rut-associated events in male red deer, G. K. Barrell, S. C. T. Schaafsma, M. J. Ridgway, M. Wellby, and L. A. Miller

A Tool Box Half Full: How Social Science can Help Solve Human–Wildlife Conflict, Sharon Baruch-Mordo, Kenneth R. Wilson, John Broderick, and Stewart W. Breck

Biology and Impacts of Pacific Island Invasive Species. 5. Eleutherodactylus coqui, the Coqui Frog (Anura: Leptodactylidae), Karen H. Beard, William C. Pitt, and Emily A. Price

No adverse effects of simultaneous vaccination with the immunocontraceptive GonaConTM and a commercial rabies vaccine on rabies virus neutralizing antibody production in dogs, Scott C. Bender, David L. Bergman, Krista M. Wenning, Lowell A. Miller, Charles E. Rupprecht, Dennis Slate, and Felix R. Jackson

Dogs Gone Wild: Feral Dog Damage in the United States, David Bergman, Stewart Breck, and Scott Bender

Wildlife collisions with aircraft: A missing component of land-use planning for airports, Bradley F. Blackwell, Travis L. DeVault, Esteban Fernández-Juricic, and Richard A. Dolbeer

Avian Visual System Configuration and Behavioural Response to Object Approach, Bradley Blackwell, Esteban Fernandez-Juricic, Thomas Seamans, and Tracy Dolan

Enhancing the Perceived Threat of Vehicle Approach to Deer, Bradley Blackwell and Thomas Seamans

Richard A. Dolbeer: scientist, innovator, manager, and mentor, Bradley F. Blackwelll and Travis L. DeVault

Avian visual system configuration and behavioural response to object approach, Bradley F. Blackwelll, Esteban Fernández-Juricic, Thomas W. Seamans, and Tracy Dolan

Selective Foraging For Anthropogenic Resources By Black Bears: Minivans In Yosemite National Park, Stewart W. Breck, Nathan Lance, and Victoria Seher

Evaluation of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate as a Blackbird Wetting Agent, Robert Byrd, John Cummings, Shelagh Tupper, and John Eisemann

Las enfermedades del venado cola blanca en Norteamérica: situación actual y desafíos., Tyler A. Campbell

Feral swine damage and damage management in forested ecosystems, Tyler A. Campbell and David B. Long

Strawberry-Flavored Baits for Pharmaceutical Delivery to Feral Swine, Tyler Campbell and David B. Long

Influence of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone on seasonal reproductive behavior of the coyote (Canis latrans), D.A. Carlson and E.M. Gese

An Overview of Historical Beaver Management in Arizona, Christopher Carrillo, David Bergman, Jimmy Taylor, Dale Nolte, Patrick Viehoever, and Mike Disney

Spatial Ecologyand Social Interactions of Jaguars (Panthera onca) in the Southern Pantanal, Brazil, Sandra M. C. Cavalcanti and Eric M. Gese

Sapro-Zoonotic Risks Posed by Wild Birds in Agricultural Landscapes, Larry Clark

Comparison of Injuries to Coyote From 3 Types of Cable Foot-Restraints, Patrick Darrow, Ramona Skirpstunas, S. Wade Carlson, and John Shivik

Surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in the USA, Thomas J. Deliberto, Seth R. Swafford, Dale L. Nolte, Kerri Pedersen, Mark W. Lutman, Brandon B. Schmit, John A. Baroch, Dennis J. Kohler, and Alan Franklin

Testudines - Turtles, James Delutes, III and Richard M. Engeman

Landscape-Genetic Analysis of Population Structure in the Texas Gray Fox Oral Rabies Vaccination Zone, Randy Deyoung, Angeline Zamorano, Brian Mesenrink, Tyler A. Campbell, Bruce Leland, Guy Moore, Rodney Honeycutt, and J. Jeffrey Root

Experimental Bolbophorus damnificus (Digenea: Bolbophoridae) Infections in Piscivorous Birds, Cynthia M. Doffitt, Linda M. Pote, and D. Tommy King D. Tommy King

Use of Infrared Thermography to Detect Thermographic Changes in Mule Deer (Odocoileus hemionus) Experimentally Infected with Foot-and-Mouth Disease, Mike R. Dunbar, Shylo R. Johnson, Jack C. Ryan, and Matt McCollum

Relating Ten Years of Northern Raccoon Road-Kill Data to Their Attraction to Sea Turtle Nests, Richard M. Engeman, Alice Bard, Henry T. Smith, and N. Paige Groninger

Ctenosaura similis (Black Spiny-Tailed Iguana), ,i>Gopherus Polyphemus (Gopher Tortoise) Concurrent Burrow Use, Richard M. Engeman, Bernice Constantin, Missy Christie, and Parker Hall

Managing Predators to Protect Endangered Species and Promote Their Successful Reproduction, Richard M. Engeman, Bernice Constantin, Kenneth S. Gruver, and Corey Ross

“Species Pollution” in Florida: A Cross-Section of Invasive Vertebrate Issues and Management Responses, Richard M. Engeman; Bernice Constantin; Scott Hardin; Henry Smith; and Walter Meshaka, Jr.

Testing a passive tracking index for monitoring the endangered Ethiopian wolf, Paul Evangelista, Richard Engeman, and Lucy Tallents

Protein Hydrolysates Are Avoided by Herbivores but Not by Omnivores in Two-Choice Preference Tests, Kristin L. Field, Alexander Bachmanov, Julie A. Mennella, Gary K. Beauchamp, and Bruce A. Kimball

Identification of 24 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the double-crested cormorant (Phalacrocorax auritus), Jennifer A. Fike, Travis L. DeVault, and Olin E. Rhodes

Avian Use of Harvested Crop Fields in North Dakota During Spring Migration, Alegra M. Galle, George M. Linz, H. Jeffrey Homan, and William J. Bleier

Translocation of nine-banded armadillos, Daniel J. Gammons, Michael Mengak, and L. Michael Conner

Escherichia coli, Salmonella, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Wild European Starlings at a Kansas Cattle Feedlot, Shannon M. Gaukler, George M. Linz, Julie S. Sherwood, Neil W. Dyer, William J. Bleier, Yvonne M. Wannemuehler, Lisa K. Nolan, and Catherine M. Logue

Field test of a single-injection gonadotrophin-releasing hormone immunocontraceptive vaccine in female white-tailed deer, James P. Gionfriddo, John D. Eisemann, Kevin J. Sullivan, Ronald S. Healey, Lowell A. Miller, Kathleen A. Fagerstone, Richard M. Engeman, and Christi A. Yoder

A review of mitigation measures for reducing wildlife mortality on roadways, David J. Glista, Travis L. DeVault, and J. Andrew DeWoody

Rangelands Use and Management at the Border Area of Northeast Mexico and South Texas/ Uso Y Manejo De Los Pastizales En La Franja Fronteriza Del Noreste De México Y Sur De Texas, Eduardo A. Gonzalez-V, David G. Hewitt, J. Alfonso Ortega-Santos, Randy W. DeYoung, Tyler A. Campbell, and Fred C. Bryant

Survival and Cause-Specific Mortality of Wild Turkeys in Northern Indiana, Lee A. Humberg; Travis L. Devault; and Olin E. Rhodes, Jr.

White-tailed Deer Browsing and Rubbing Preferences for Trees and Shrubs That Produce Nontimber Forest Products, Scott E. Hygnstrom, Peter D. Skelton, Scott J. Josiah, Jason M. Gilsdorf, Dallas R. Virchow, James A. Brandle, Anil K. Jayaprakash, Kent M. Eskridge, and Kurt C. VerCauteren

Experimental Inoculation of Coyotes with Mycobacterium bovis Susceptibility and Shedding, Shylo R. Johnson, Mike R. Dunbar, Lorene Martinez, Robert L. Jones, Richard Bowen, and Paul Gordy

Evaluation of Attractants to Improve Trapping Success of Nutria on Louisiana Coastal Marsh, Susan Jojola, Gary Witmer, and Patrick Burke

Sunflower Treated with Avipel (Anthraquinone) Bird Repellent, Hans Kandel, Burton Johnson, Chad Deplazes, George Linz, and Michele Santer

Observations on the Use of Gonacon™ in Captive Female Elk (Cervus Elaphus), Gary Killian, Terry J. Kreeger, Jack Rhyan, Kathleen Fagerstone, and Lowell Miller

Evaluating New Protein Sources for Development of a Deer Repellent Product, Bruce A. Kimball and Kelly R. Perry

Predator and Heterospecific Stimuli Alter Behavior in Cattle, Bryan M. Kluever, Larry D. Howery, Stewart W. Breck, and David L. Bergman

Bird Damage to Corn and Sunflower in North Dakota, George M. Linz, Anthony A. Slowik, Linda B. Penry, and H. Jeffrey Homan

Sperm Design and Variation in the New World Blackbirds (Icteridae), Stefan Lüpold, George M. Linz, and Tim R. Birkhead

Sperm Competition Selects Beyond Relative Testes Size in Birds, Stefan Lupold, George M. Linz, James W. Rivers, David F. Westneat, and Tim R. Birkhead

White-Tailed Deer Herbivory and Timber Harvesting Rates: Implications for Regeneration Success, Brad F. Miller, Tyler A. Campbell, Benjamin R. Laseter, W. Mark Ford, and Karl V. Miller

Physiological Stress Response of Captive White-Tailed Deer to Video Collars, Remington Moll, Joshua Millspaugh, Jeff Beringer, Joel Sartwell, Rami Woods, and Kurt VerCauteren

Alkaline Hydrolysis of Mouse-Adapted Scrapie for Inactivation and Disposal of Prion-Positive Material, R. G. L. Murphy, J. A. Scanga, B. E. Powers, J. L. Pilon, K. C. VerCauteren, P. B. Nash, G. C. Smith, and K. E. Belk

Prevalence of Antibodies to West Nile Virus and Other Arboviruses among Crested Caracaras (Caracara cheriway) in Florida, Nicole M. Nemeth, James F. Dwyer, Joan L. Morrison, and James D. Fraser

Humoral Immunity to West Nile Virus Is Long-Lasting and Protective in the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Nicole M. Nemeth, Paul T. Oesterle, and Richard A. Bowen

West Nile virus detection in nonvascular feathers from avian carcasses, Nicole M. Nemeth, Ginger R. Young, Kristen L. Burkhalter, Aaron C. Brault, William K. Reisen, and Nicholas Komar

Detection of Protease-Resistant Cervid Prion Protein in Water From a CWD-Endemic Area, T.A. Nichols, Bruce Pulford, A. Christy Wyckoff, Crystal Meyerett, Brady Michel, Kevin Gertig, Edward A. Hoover, Jean E. Jewell, Glenn C. Telling, and Mark D. Zabel

Experimental Infection of Richardson’s Ground Squirrels (Spermophilus Richardsonii ) With Attenuated and Virulent Strains pf Brucella abortus, Pauline Nol, Steven C. Olsen, and Jack C. Rhyan

Experimental Infection of Cliff Swallows (Petrochelidon pyrrhonota) with Varying Doses of West Nile Virus, Paul T. Oesterle, Nicole M. Nemeth, Kaci VanDalen, Heather Sullivan, Kevin T. Bentler, Ginger R. Young, Robert G. McLean, Larry Clark, Cynthia Smeraski, and Jeffrey S. Hall

Development and Characterization of 15 Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci Isolated From Rafinesque’s Big-Eared Bat, Corynorhinus rafinesquii, Antoinette J. Piaggio, Julia A. Figueroa, and Susan L. Perkins

Eight Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci Developed and Characterized From Townsend’s Big-Eared Bat, Corynorhinus Townsendii, Antoinette J. Piaggio, Katie Erin G. Miller, Marjorie D. Matocq, and Susan L. Perkins