U.S. Department of Agriculture: Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service

United States Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services: Staff Publications

The mission of USDA APHIS Wildlife Services (WS) is to provide federal leadership and expertise to resolve wildlife conflicts to allow people and wildlife to coexist. Wildlife Services conducts program delivery, research, and other activities through its regional and state offices, the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), its field stations, as well as through its national programs.

2021

Improving evaluation of nonlethal tools for carnivore management and conservation: evaluating fladry to protect an endangered species from a generalist mesocarnivore, R. M. Windell, L. L. Bailey, J. K. Young, T. M. Livieri, D. A. Eads, and S. W. Breck

Spatial variation in direct and indirect contact rates at the wildlife-livestock interface for informing disease management, Anni Yang, Raoul K. Boughton, Ryan S. Miller, Bethany Wight, Wesley M. Anderson, James C. Beasley, Kurt C. VerCauteren, Kim M. Pepin, and George Wittemyer

Effects of social structure and management on risk of disease establishment in wild pigs, Anni Yang, Peter E. Schlichting, Bethany Wight, Wesley M. Anderson, Sarah M. Chinn, Mark Q. Wilber, Ryan S. Miller, James C. Beasley, Raoul Boughton, Kurt C. Vercauteren, George Wittemyer, and Kim M. Pepin

Unprecedented Migratory Bird Die-Off: A Citizen-Based Analysis on the Spatiotemporal Patterns of Mass Mortality Events in the Western United States, Di Yang, Anni Yang, Jue Yang, Rongting Xu, and Han Qiu

Improving animal monitoring using small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) and deep learning networks, Meilun Zhou, Jared A. Elmore, Sathishkumar Samiappan, Kristine O. Evans, Morgan Pfeiffer, Bradley F. Blackwell, and Raymond B. Iglay

Invasive Species in Puerto Rico: The View From El Yunque, Jess Zimmerman, Julissa Rojas-Sandoval, and Aaron B. Shiels

2020

Understanding and Preventing Bird Damage on Dairies, Amber Adams-Progar, Karen Steensma, Stephanie A. Shwiff, Julie L. Elser, Susan Kerr, and Tyler P. Caskin

Competing reproductive and physiological investments in an all‑female lizard, the Colorado checkered whiptail, Lise M. Aubry, Spencer B. Hudson, Bryan M. Kluever, Alison C. Webb, and Susannah S. French

Monk Parakeet (Myiopsitta monarchus Boddaert, 1783), Michael L. Avery

Control or eradication: Problems in the management of invasive birds, Michael L. Avery and Chris J. Feare

Relationships between survival and habitat suitability of semi- aquatic mammals, Isidro Barela, Leslie M. Burger, Jimmy Taylor, Kristine O. Evans, Ryo Ogawa, Lance McClintic, and Guiming Wang

Local adaptation constrains drought tolerance in a tropical foundation tree, Kasey E. Barton, Casey Jones, Kyle F. Edwards, Aaron B. Shiels, and Tiffany Knight

Additive and non-additive responses of seedlings to simulated herbivory and drought, Kasey Barton and Aaron B. Shiels

Talking trash in the Big Apple: mitigating bird strikes near the North Shore Marine Transfer Station, Stephan J. Beffre and Brian E. Washburn

Placebo Oral Rabies Vaccine Bait Uptake by Small Indian Mongooses (Herpestes auropunctatus) in Southwestern Puerto Rico, Are R. Berentsen, Richard B. Chipman, Kathleen M. Nelson, Kenneth S. Gruver, Frank Boyd, Steven F. Volker, Amy J. Davis, Ad Vos, Steffen Ortmann, and Amy Gilbert

Developing Alternatives to Protect Domestic Sheep from Predation in South Africa, David L. Bergman, Nico L. Avenant, Michael J. Bodenchuk, and Eddie Steenkamp

Predator scent and visual cue applied to nest boxes fail to dissuade European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) from nesting, Bradley Blackwell, Thomas W. Seamans, Morgan Pfeiffer, and Bruce N. Buckingham

Vampire Bats: Preparing for Range Expansion into the U.S., Michael J. Bodenchuk and David L. Bergman

Technical Limitations Associated With Molecular Barcoding of Arthropod Bloodmeals Taken From North American Deer Species, Erin M. Borland, Daniel A. Hartman, Matthew W. Hopken, Antoinette J. Piaggio, and Rebekah C. Kading

Timing and extent of crop damage by wild pigs (Sus scrofa Linnaeus) to corn and peanut fields, C. M. Boyce, Kurt C. Vercauteren, and James C. Beasley

Fish-Eating Birds on Catfish Ponds in the Mississippi Delta, Paul Burr, Jimmy Avery, Garrett Street, Bronson Strickland, and Brian Dorr

Piscivorous Bird Use of Aquaculture and Natural Water Bodies in Mississippi, Paul C. Burr, Jimmy I. Avery, Garrett M. Street, Bronson K. Strickland, and Brian S. Dorr

Historic and contemporary use of catfish aquaculture by piscivorous birds in the Mississippi Delta, Paul C. Burr, Jimmy L. Avery, Garrett M. Street, Bronson K. Strickland, and Brian S. Dorr

Bird-livestock interactions associated with increased cattle fecal shedding of ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli within feedlots in the United States, James C. Carlson, Jeffrey C. Chandler, Bledar Bisha, Jeffrey T. LeJeune, and Thomas E. Wittum

The Role of European Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) in the Dissemination of Multidrug- Resistant Escherichia coli among Concentrated Animal feeding Operations, Jeffrey C. Chandler, Jennifer E. Anders, Nicolas A. Blouin, James C. Carlson, Jeffrey T. LeJeune, Lawrence D. Goodridge, Baolin Wang, Leslie A. Day, Anna M. Mangan, Dustin A. Reid, Shannon M. Coleman, Matthew W. Hopken, and Bledar Bisha

Validation of a screening method for the detection of colistin-resistant E. coli containing mcr-1 in feral swine feces, Jeffrey C. Chandler, Alan B. Franklin, S. N. Bevins, Kevin T. Bentler, Jonas Bonnedahl, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Bledar Bisha, and Susan A. Shriner

An evaluation of bird and bat mortality at wind turbines in the Northeastern United States, Daniel Y. Choi, Thomas W. Wittig, and Bryan M. Kluever

Cormorant Predation of Commercial Catfish Aquaculture in the Mississippi Delta, Terrel Christie, Brian Dorr, Luke Roy, Anita M. Kelly, Carole Engle, Paul Burr, Brian Davis, and Jonathan van Senten

Using bioenergetics and radar-derived bird abundance to assess the impact of a blackbird roost on seasonal sunflower damage, Bonnie A. Clark, Page E. Klug, Phillip M. Stepanian, and Jeffrey F. Kelly

Invasive Species Control and Resolution of Wildlife Damage Conflicts: A Framework for Chemical and Genetically Based Management Methods, Larry Clark, John Eisemann, John Godwin, Katherine Horak, Kevin Oh, Jeanette R. O'Hare, Antoinette J. Piaggio, Kim M. Pepin, and Emily W. Ruell

Serum chemistry values in wild black vultures in Mississippi, USA, Fred L. Cunningham, Sherman W. Jack, Amanda R. Deese, Eric R. Wengert, Kyle Van Why, Carla L. Huston, Scott Lemmons, and Richard B. Minnis

The Pocatello Supply Depot: A History and Update, Patrick A. Darrow

A comparison of cost and quality of three methods for estimating density for wild pig (Sus scrofa), Amy J. Davis, David A. Keiter, Elizabeth M. Kierepka, C. Slootmaker, Antoinette J. Piaggio, James C. Beasley, and K. M. Pepin

Repellent surface applications for pest birds, Shelagh T. DeLiberto, James C. Carlson, Hailey E. McLean, Caroline S. Olson, and Scott J. Werner

Frontal vehicle illumination via rear-facing lighting reduces potential for collisions with white-tailed deer, Travis L. Devault, Thomas W. Seamans, and Bradley Blackwell

Population increases of large birds in North America pose challenges for aviation safety, Richard A. Dolbeer

Testing a key assumption of using drones as frightening devices: Do birds perceive drones as risky?, Conor C. Egan, Bradley Blackwell, Esteban Fernández-Juricic, and Page E. Klug

Tools, Techniques and Teamwork: TRANSFERRING NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT, CONSERVATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, John Eisemann and Gail Keirn

Evaluating moose Alces alces population response to infestation level of winter ticks Dermacentor albipictus, Daniel D. Ellingwood, Peter J. Pekins, Henry Jones, and Anthony R. Musante

The changing triad of plague in Uganda: invasive black rats (Rattus rattus), indigenous small mammals, and their fleas, Russell E. Enscore, Nackson Babi, Gerald Amatre, Linda Atiku, Rebecca J. Eisen, Kim M. Pepin, Rommelle Vera-Tudela, Christopher Sexton, and Kenneth L. Gage

Review of Ospreys: The Revival of a Global Raptor, by Alan F. Poole. 2019., Lisa Fields and Brian E. Washburn

Factors and costs associated with removal of a newly established population of invasive wild pigs in Northern U.S., Justin W. Fischer, Nathan P. Snow, Bradley E. Wilson, Scott F. Beckerman, Christopher N. Jacques, Eric H. VanNatta, Shannon L. Kay, and Kurt C. Vercauteren

Spillover of SARS-CoV-2 into novel wild hosts in North America: A conceptual model for perpetuation of the pathogen, Alan B. Franklin and Sarah N. Bevins

Gulls as Sources of Environmental Contamination by Colistin-resistant Bacteria, Alan B. Franklin, Andrew M. Ramey, Kevin T. Bentler, Nicole L. Barrett, Loredana M. McCurdy, Christina A. Ahlstrom, Jonas Bonnedahl, Susan A. Shriner, and Jeffrey C. Chandler

An applied ecology of fear framework: linking theory to conservation practice, Kaitlyn M. Gaynor, Michael J. Cherry, Sophie L. Gilbert, Michael T. Kohl, Courtney L. Larson, Thomas M. Newsome, Laura R. Prugh, Justin P. Suraci, Julie K. Young, and Justine A. Smith

Safety, Immunogenicity, and Efficacy of Intramuscular and Oral Delivery of ERA-G333 Recombinant Rabies Virus Vaccine to Big Brown Bats (Eptesicus fuscus), Amy T. Gilbert, Xianfu Wu, Felix R. Jackson, Richard Franka, Gary F. McCracken, and Charles E. Rupprecht

Effects of Wild Pig Disturbance on Forest Vegetation and Soils, Steven M. Gray, Gary J. Roloff, Daniel B. Kramer, Dwayne R. Etter, Kurt C. Vercauteren, and Robert A. Montgomery

Feasibility of a Successful Rat Eradication on Wake Atoll Following Initial Partial Failure: Potential Causes, Remedial Actions, and Remaining Knowledge Gaps, Chad Hanson, Kristen Rex, Peter J. Kappes, and Shane R. Siers

RNAi: Applications in Vertebrate Pest Management, Katherine Horak

Effects of Deepwater Horizon oil on feather structure and thermoregulation in gulls: Does rehabilitation work?, Katherine Horak, Nicole L. Barrett, Jeremy W. Ellis, Emma M. Campbell, Nicholas G. Dannemiller, and Susan A. Shriner

Individual and population fitness consequences associated with large carnivore use of residential development, Heather Johnson, David L. Lewis, and Stewart W. Breck

Spotted owls and forest fire: Comment, Gavin M. Jones; R. J. Gutiérrez; William M. Block; Peter C. Carlson; Emily J. Comfort; Samuel A. Cushman; Raymond J. Davis; Stephanie A. Eyes; Alan B. Franklin; Joseph L. Ganey; Shaula Hedwall; John J. Keane; Rodd Kelsey; Damon B, Lesmeister; Malcolm P. North; Susan L. Roberts; Jeremy T. Rockweit; Jamie S. Sanderlin; Sarah C. Sawyer; Ben Solvesky; Douglas J. Tempel; Ho Yi Wan; A. LeRoy Westerling; Gary C. White; and M. Zachariah Peery

If at First You Don’t Eradicate: Remediating Rat Eradication Failure on Wake Atoll, Peter J. Kappes, Shane R. Siers, Kristen Rex, and Chad Hanson

Migratory Flyways May Affect Population Structure in Double‐Crested Cormorants, Steven J.A. Kimble, Brian S. Dorr, Katie C. Hanson-Dorr, Olin E. Rhodes Jr., and Travis L. Devault

Black vulture conflict and management in the United States: damage trends, management overview, and research needs, Bryan M. Kluever, Morgan Pfeiffer, Scott C. Barras, Brett Dunlap, and Lee A. Humberg

Movement behavior of radio-tagged European starlings in urban, rural, and exurban landscapes, Page E. Klug and H. Jeffrey Homan

Reporting the limits of detection and quantification for environmental DNA assays, Katy E. Klymus, Christopher M. Merkes, Michael J. Allison, Caren S. Goldberg, Caren C. Helbing, Margaret E. Hunter, Craig A. Jackson, Richard F. Lance, Anna M. Mangan, Emy M. Monroe, Antoinette J. Piaggio, Joel P. Stokdyk, Chris C. Wilson, and Catherine A. Richter

Linking mosquito surveillance to dengue fever through Bayesian mechanistic modeling, Clinton B. Leach, Jennifer A. Hoeting, Kim M. Pepin, Alvaro E. Eiras, Mevin B. Hooten, and Colleen T. Webb

Psychological drivers of risk-reducing behaviors to limit human–wildlife conflict, Stacy A. Lischka, Tara L. Teel, Heather E. Johnson, Courtney Larson, Stewart Breck, and Kevin R. Crooks

Core commitments for field trials of gene drive organisms, Kanya C. Long; Luke Alphey; George J. Annas; Cinnamon S. Bloss; Karl J. Campbell; Jackson Champer; Chun-Hong Chen; Amit Choudhary; George M. Church; James P. Collins; Kimberly L. Cooper; Jason A. Delborne; Owain R. Edwards; Claudia I. Emerson; Kevin Esvelt; Sam Weiss Evans; Robert M. Friedman; Valentino M. Gantz; Fred Gould; Sarah Hartley; Elizabeth Heitman; Janet Hemingway; Hirotaka Kanuka; Jennifer Kuzma; James V. Lavery; Yoosook Lee; Marce Lorenzen; Jeantine E. Lunshof; John M. Marshall; Philipp W. Messer; Craig Montell; Kenneth A. Oye; Megan J. Palmer; Philippos Aris Papathanos; Prasad N. Paradkar; Antoinette J. Piaggio; Jason L. Rasgon; Gordana Rašić; Larisa Rudenko; J. Royden Saah; Maxwell J. Scott; Jolene T. Sutton; Adam E, Vorsino; and Omar S. Akbari

Effect of vaccination with a novel GnRH-based immunocontraceptive on immune responses and fertility in rats, Giovanna Massei, D. Cowan, Douglas C. Eckery, Richard E. Mauldin, M. Gomm, P. Rochaix, Fergal Hill, R. Pinkham, and Laura A. Miller

Effects of brodifacoum and diphacinone exposure on four species of reptiles: tissue residue levels and survivorship, Richard E. Mauldin, Gary W. Witmer, S. A. Shriner, Rachael S. Moulton, and Katherine E. Horak

Economic estimates of invasive wild pig damage to crops in 12 US states, Sophie McKee, Aaron Anderson, Keith Carlisle, and Stephanie A. Shwiff

Estimation of wildlife damage from federal crop insurance data, Sophie McKee, Stephanie A. Shwiff, and Aaron M. Anderson

Factors Affecting Bait Site Visitation: Area of Influence of Baits, Jacquelyn E. McRae, Peter E. Schlichting, Nathan P. Snow, Amy J. Davis, Kurt C. VerCautern, John C. Kilgo, David A. Keiter, James C. Beasley, and Kim M. Pepin

Placebo Bait Uptake Trial to Test Feasibility of Polynesian Rat (Rattus exulans) Eradication on Wake Atoll, Chris N. Niebuhr, Israel Leinbach, Thomas W. McAuliffe, Dean K. Foster, and Shane R. Siers

Public perspectives and media reporting of wolf reintroduction in Colorado, Rebecca Niemiec, Richard E.W. Berl, Mireille Gonzalez, Tara Teel, Cassiopeia Camara, Matthew Collins, Jonathan Salerno, Kevin Crooks, Courtney Schultz, Stewart Breck, and Dana Hoag

Effects of Inactivated Mycobacterium bovis Vaccination on Molokai-Origin Wild Pigs Experimentally Infected with Virulent M. bovis, Pauline Nol, Morgan Wehte, Richard A. Bowen, Suelee Robbe-Austerman, Tyler Thacker, Kristina Lantz, Jack Rhyan, Laurie A. Baeten, Ramón A. Juste, Iker A. Sevilla, Christian Gortazar, and Joaquín Vicente

Hawaii as a Microcosm: Advancing the Science and Practice of Managing Introduced and Invasive Species, Liba Pejchar, Christopher A. Lepczyk, Jean E. Fantle-Lepczyk, Steven C. Hess, M. Tracy Johnson, Christina R. Leopold, Michael Marchetti, Katherine M. Mcclure, and Aaron B. Shiels

Ecological drivers of African swine fever virus persistence in wild boar populations: Insight for control, Kim M. Pepin, Andrew J. Golnar, Zaid Abdo, and Tomasz Podgórski

Optimal spatial prioritization of control resources for elimination of invasive species under demographic uncertainty, Kim M. Pepin, Timothy J. Smyser, Amy J. Davis, Ryan S. Miller, Sophie McKee, Kurt C. Vercauteren, William Kendall, and Chris Slootmaker

Optimal bait density for delivery of acute toxicants to vertebrate pests, Kim M. Pepin, Nathan P. Snow, and Kurt C. VerCauteren

Assessing Beaver Occupancy and Dam Building Potential: A Case Study in the Umpqua Watershed of Southwestern Oregon, Vanessa M. Petro, John Stevenson, and Jimmy Taylor

Collective effect of landfills and landscape composition on bird–aircraft collisions, Morgan Pfeiffer, Bradley F. Blackwell, and Travis L. DeVault

Deciphering interactions between white-tailed deer and approaching vehicle, Morgan Pfeiffer, Raymond B. Iglay, Thomas W. Seamans, Bradley F. Blackwell, and Travis L. DeVault

Loci Associated With Antibody Response in Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) Infected With Brucella suis, Courtney F. Pierce, Vienna R. Brown, Steven C. Olsen, Paola Boggiatto, Kerri Pedersen, Ryan S. Miller, Scott E. Speidel, and Timothy J. Smyser

Conspecific chemical cues facilitate mate trailing by invasive Argentine black and white tegus, Shannon A. Richard, Isabella M. G. Bukovich, E. A. Tillman, Sanjiv Jayamohan, J. S. Humphrey, Paige E. Carrington, William E. Bruce, Bryan M. Kluever, Michael L. Avery, and M. Rockwell Parker

Effects of freshwater crayfish on influenza A virus persistence in water, J. Jeffrey Root, Jeremy W. Ellis, and Susan A. Shriner

Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Wild, Terrestrial Mammals: A Review of Potential Synanthropic Vectors to Poultry Facilities, J. Jeffrey Root and Susan A. Shriner

Influenza A Viruses in Peridomestic Mammals, J. Jeffrey Root and Susan A. Shriner

Island Rodent Eradications: Little Things Make Big Things Happen, Araceli Samaniego-Herrera, Peter J. Kappes, and Shane R. Siers

Invasive Wild pigs as primary nest predators for Wild turkeys, Heather N. Sanders, David G. Hewitt, Humberto L. perotto-Baldivieso, Kurt C. VerCauteren, and Nathan P. Snow

A Rapid Population Assessment Method for Wild Pigs Using Baited Cameras at 3 Study Site, Peter E. Schlichting, James C. Beasley, Raoul K. Boughton, Amy J. Davis, Kim M. Pepin, Michael P. Glow, Ryan S. Miller, Kurt C. VerCautern, and Jesse S. Lewis

Cattle egrets regurgitate house mouse carcasses onto a mouse-free island: implications for rodent eradications, Aaron B. Shiels, Mele Khalsa, Doreen L. Griffin, Clay K. Chow, Sheri S. Mann, and Antoinette J. Piaggio

Invasive rat establishment and changes in small mammal populations on Caribbean Islands following two hurricanes, Aaron B. Shiels, Claudia D. Lombard, Laura Shiels, and Zandy Hillis-Starr

A Review of Avian Influenza A Virus Associations in Synanthropic Birds, Susan A. Shriner and J. Jeffrey Root

Automated Aerial Baiting for Invasive Brown Treesnake Control: System Overview and Program Status, Shane R. Siers, John D. Eisemann, William C. Pitt, Larry Clark, Scott M. Goetz, Robert J. Gosnell, Aaron F. Collins, Eric T. Hileman, Melia G. Nafus, Amy A. Yackel Adams, Michael C. Messaros, and William G.N. Coon

Photographic Validation of Target Versus Nontarget Take of Brown Treesnake Baits, Shane R. Siers, Aaron B. Shiels, Cynthia G. Payne, Francinem M. Chlarson, Craig S. Clark, and Stephen M. Mosher

Brodifacoum residues in fish three years after an island-wide rat eradication attempt in the tropical Pacific, Shane R. Siers, Aaron B. Shiels, Steven F. Volker, Kristen Rex, and William C. Pitt

Laboratory Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Fertility Control Bait ContraPest® on Wild-Captured Black Rats (Rattus rattus), Shane Siers, Robert T. Sugihara, Israel Leinbach, Brandy R. Pyzyna, and Gary Witmer

Development and Testing of a Matrix for Mongoose Toxic Bait: Nontoxic Bait Acceptance Cage Trials, Shane Siers, Robert T. Sugihara, Israel Leinbach, Daniel Sedgwick, Chris N. Niebuhr, and Emily W. Ruell

Rabies Management Implications Based on Raccoon Population Density Indexes, Dennis Slate, Brandi D. Saidy, Ashlee Simmons, Kathleen M. Nelson, Amy Davis, Timothy P. Algeo, Stacey A. Elmore, and Richard B. Chipman

Mixed ancestry from wild and domestic lineages contributes to the rapid expansion of invasive feral swine, Timothy J. Smyser, Michael A. Tabak, Chris Slootmaker, Michael S. Robeson II, Ryan S. Miller, Mirte Bosse, Hendrik-Jan Megens, Martien A.M. Groenen, Samuel Rezende Paiva, Danielle Assis de Faria, Harvey D. Blackburn, Brandon S. Schmit, and Antoinette J. Piaggio

Instability of glucocorticoid metabolites in coyote scats: implications for field sampling, Erika T. Stevenson, Eric M. Gese, Lorin A. Neuman-Lee, and Susannah S. French

Improving the accessibility and transferability of machine learning algorithms for identification of animals in camera trap images: MLWIC2, Michael A. Tabak, Mohammad S. Norouzzadeh, David W. Wolfson, Erica J. Newton, Raoul K. Boughton, Jacob S. Ivan, Eric Odell, Eric S. Newkirk, Reesa Y. Conrey, Jennifer Stenglein, Fabiola Iannarilli, John Erb, Ryan K. Brook, Amy J. Davis, Jesse Lewis, Daniel P. Walsh, James C. Beasley, Kurt C. Vercauteren, Jeff Clune, and Ryan S. Miller

Genetic Biocontrol for Invasive Species, John L. Teem, Luke Alphey, Sarah Descamps, Matt P. Edgington, Owain Edwards, Neil Gemmell, Tim Harvey-Samuel, Rachel L. Melnick, Kevin P. Oh, Antoinette J. Piaggio, J. Royden Saah, Dan Schill, Paul Thomas, Trevor Smith, and Andrew Roberts

One step closer to a better starling trap, James R. Thiele

Multi-isotopic (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N) tracing of molt origin for European starlings associated with U.S. dairies and feedlots, Scott Werner, J. W. Fischer, and Keith A. Hobson

Time allocation to resources by three species of rats (Rattus spp.) in a radial arm maze, Gary Witmer, Nathan P. Snow, and Rachael S. Moulton

A Preliminary Field Evaluation of Candidate Repellents to Reduce Black Bear Damage to Western Larch Trees, G. W. Witmer and Michael Pipas