The mission of USDA APHIS Wildlife Services (WS) is to provide federal leadership and expertise to resolve wildlife conflicts to allow people and wildlife to coexist. Wildlife Services conducts program delivery, research, and other activities through its regional and state offices, the National Wildlife Research Center (NWRC), its field stations, as well as through its national programs.

2004

Eastern Phoebe Uses Elk Hair as a Nesting Material, Nathan W. Seward, John J. Cox, Joshua H. Brown, and Jeffery L. Larkin

Feral Swine Impacts on Agriculture and the Environment, Nathan W. Seward, Kurt C. VerCauteren, Gary W. Witmer, and Richard M. Engeman

Non-lethal Alternatives for Predation Management, John A. Shivik

Economics in Wildlife Damage Management Studies: Common Problems and Some Solutions, Stephanie A. Shwiff

Direct, Spillover, and Intangible Benefits of Predation Management, Stephanie A. Shwiff and Mike J. Bodenchuk

Coyote Predation Management: An Economic Analysis of Increased Antelope Recruitment and Cattle Production in South Central Wyoming, Stephanie A. Shwiff and Rod J. Merrell

Ex post economic analysis of reproduction-monitoring and predator-removal variables associated with protection of the endangered California least tern, Stephanie A. Shwiff, Ray T. Sterner, John W. Turman, and Brian D. Foster

A REVIEW OF THE COLONIZATION DYNAMICS OF THE NORTHERN CURLY-TAILED LIZARD (LEIOCEPHALUS CARINATUS ARIMOURI) IN FLORIDA, Henry T. Smith and Richard M. Engeman

A REVIEW OF THE COLONIZATION DYNAMICS OF THE NORTHERN CURLY-TAILED LIZARD (LEIOCEPHALUS CARINATUS ARMOURI) IN FLORIDA, Henry T. Smith and Richard M. Engeman

LEIOCEPHALUS CARINATUS ARMOURI (Northern Curlytailed Lizard), Henry T. Smith and Richard M. Engeman

Extensive contiguous north–south range expansion of the original population of an invasive lizard in Florida, Michaella M. Smith, Henry T. Smith, and Richard M. Engeman

Development of a high performance liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy method for the determination of strychnine concentrations in insects used to assess potential risks to insectivores, Randal S. Stahl, Wendy M. Arjo, Kim K. Wagner, Carol Furcolow, Dale L. Nolte, and John J. Johnston

Using Fatty Acid Profiles to Assess Dietary Intake of Sunflower in Red-Winged Blackbirds , Randal S. Stahl, H. Jeffrey Homan, George M. Linz, and John J. Johnston

Relative Factor Costs of Wildlife Rabies Impacts in the U.S., Ray T. Sterner and Ben Sun

Evaluation of Trapping to Reduce Monk Parakeet Populations at Electric Utility Facilities, Eric A. Tillman, Ann C. Genchi, James R. Lindsay, James R. Newman, and Michael L. Avery

PEST CONTROL: RODENTS, Mark E. Tobin and Michael W. Fall

Evaluation and Management of Chronic Wasting Disease Transmission, Kurt C. VerCauteren

Cervid Disease Research at the National Wildlife Research Center, Kurt C. VerCauteren, Mike Lavelle, Dale L. Nolte, Scott E. Hygnstrom, and Jason Gilsdorf

MOVEMENTS OF URBAN CANADA GEESE: IMPLICATIONS FOR NICARBAZIN TREATMENT PROGRAMS, Kurt C. VerCauteren and David R. Marks

MANAGEMENT OF VEGETATION TO REDUCE WILDLIFE HAZARDS AT AIRPORTS, Brian E. Washburn and Thomas W. Seamans

FACTORS RELATED TO FECAL ESTROGENS AND FECAL TESTOSTERONE IN CALIFORNIA SPOTTED OWLS, Brian E. Washburn, Douglas J. Tempel, Joshua J. Millspaugh, R.J. Gutierrez, and Mark E. Seamans

Diel Foraging Behavior of American White Pelicans ()Pelecanus erythrorhynchos) on Experimental Aquaculture Ponds , Scott J. Werner

GENETIC METHODS IMPROVE ACCURACY OF GENDER DETERMINATION IN BEAVERS, Christen Lenney Williams, Stewart W. Breck, and Bruce W. Baker

Microsatellite Variation in Red-Winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), C. Lenney Williams, H.J. Homan, J.J. Johnston, and G. M. Linz

Using Genetic Analyses to Identify Predators, C. L. WIlliams and J. J. Johnston

Using Geographic Information System (GIs) Software to Predict Blackbird Roosting Locations in North Dakota, Ryan L. Wimberly, Tony A. Slowik, H. Jeffrey Homan, and Linda B. Penry

Rodent Ecology and Plague in North America , Gary W. Witmer

Leptospirosis in the Azores: the Rodent Connection, Gary W. Witmer, Hernani Martins, and Lidia Flor

CHELONIIDAE (Marine Turtle) NEST PREDATION, John Woolard, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, and John Griner

CROCODYLIA--ALLIGATOR MISSISSIPPIENSIS (American Alligator). HOMING AND SITE FIDELITY., John W. Woolard, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, and Mark Nelson

Food Habits of Lesser Scaup (Aythya affinis) Occupying Baitfish Aquaculture Facilities in Arkansas, David E. Wooten and Scott J. Werner

Effectiveness of Twenty, Twenty-Five Diazacholesterol, Avian Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, and Chicken Riboflavin Carrier Protein for Inhibiting Reproduction in Coturnix Quail, C.A. Yoder, W.F. Andelt, L.A. Miller, J.J. Johnston, and M.J. Goodall

2003

Characteristics of Mountain Lion Bed, Cache and Kill Sites In Northeastern Oregon, James J. Akenson, M. Cathy Nowak, Mark G. Henjum, and Gary W. Witmer

Aspects of Swift Fox Ecology in Southeastern Colorado, David E. Andersen, Thomas R. Laurion, John R. Cary, Robert S. Sikes, Mary A. McLeod, and Eric . M. Gese

From Seedlings to Crowns: These Species Cover It All, Wendy M. Arjo

Is it a Pocket Gopher or Mole?, Wendy M. Arjo

Mountain Beaver: The Little Rodent with a Large Appetite, Wendy M. Arjo

The Role of Toxicants in Forest Management, Wendy M. Arjo

Characteristics of current and historical kit fox (Vulpes macrotis) dens in the Great Basin Desert, Wendy M. Arjo, Tim J. Bennett, and Adam J. Kozlowski

Serologic Survey for Diseases in Free-Ranging Coyotes (Canis latrans) from Two Ecologically Distinct Areas of Utah, Wendy M. Arjo, Eric M. Gese, Cassity Bromley, Adam Kozlowski, and Elizabeth S. Williams

CHEMICAL REPELLENTS FOR REDUCING CROP DAMAGE BY BLACKBIRDS, Michael L. Avery and John L. Cummings

THE ROLE OF RESEARCH IN EXPANDED REGIONAL MANAGEMENT OF DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANTS, Scott C. Barras and Mark E. Tobin

BLACKBIRD AND STARLING STRIKES TO CIVIL AIRCRAFT IN THE UNITED STATES, 1990-2001, Scott C. Barras, Sandra E. Wright, and Thomas E. Seamans

Through a Bird’s Eye – Exploring Avian Sensory Perception, Robert C. Beason

Coyote (Canis latrans), Marc Bekoff and Eric M. Gese

Evaluation of an animal-activated scarecrow and a monofilament fence for reducing deer use of soybean fields, Jeff Beringer, Kurt C. VerCauteren, and Joshua J. Millspaugh

LETHAL CONTROL OF RED-WINGED BLACKBIRDS TO MANAGE DAMAGE TO SUNFLOWER: AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION, Bradley F. Blackwell, Eric Huszar, George M. Linz, and Richard A. Dolbeer

Comparison Of Isoflurane And Sevoflurane For Anesthesia In Beaver, Stewart W. Breck and James S. Gaynor

CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING THE DOUBLE-CRESTED CORMORANT ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT, Kristina Casscles Godwin, D. Tommy King, Peter Butchko, and Richard Chipman

A REVIEW OF PATHOGENS OF AGRICULTURAL AND HUMAN HEALTH INTEREST FOUND IN CANADA GEESE, Larry Clark

A REVIEW OF PATHOGENS OF AGRICULTURAL AND HUMAN HEALTH INTEREST FOUND IN BLACKBIRDS, Larry Clark and Robert G. McLean

COMMON RAVEN NESTS IN EASTERN KENTUCKY, John J. Cox, Nathan W. Seward, Jeffrey L. Larkin, and David S. Maehr

AN OVERVIEW OF CURRENT BLACKBIRD RESEARCH IN THE SOUTHERN RICE GROWING REGION OF THE UNITED STATES, John L. Cummings and Michael L. Avery

MANAGING COMMON NIGHTHAWKS AT MCCONNELL AIR FORCE BASE, KANSAS, TO REDUCE AIRCRAFT STRIKES, John L. Cummings, Patricia A. Pipas, James C. Luchsinger, James E. Davis Jr., Michael J. Pipas, and Jean B. Bourassa

DIETARY TOXICITY TEST FOR 2% DRC-1339-TREATED BROWN RICE ON NONTARGET AVIAN SPECIES, John L. Cummings, Darryl L. York, Kirk J. Shively, Patricia A. Pipas, Randal S. Stahl, and James E. Davis Jr.

POTENTIAL CHEMICALS TO MANAGE LlGHT GOOSE POPULATIONS, John Cummings and Pete Poulos

NONTARGET BIRD EXPOSURE TO DRC-1339 DURING FALL IN NORTH DAKOTA AND SPRING IN SOUTH DAKOTA, Thomas W. Custer, Christine M. Custer, Paul M. Dummer, George M. Linz, Louis Sileo, Randal S. Stahl, and John J. Johnston

LEIOCEPHALUS CARNITUS ARMOURI (Little Bahama Curly-talied lizard), Christopher L. Dean, Henry T. Smith, and Richard M. Engeman

Scavenging by vertebrates: behavioral, ecological, and evolutionary perspectives on an important energy transfer pathway in terrestrial ecosystems, Travis L. DeVault, Olin E. Rhodes Jr., and John A. Shivik

AGE-SPECIFIC REPRODUCTION BY FEMALE LAUGHING GULLS (LARUS ATRICILLA), Richard A. Dolbeer and Glen E. Bernhardt

WADING BIRD MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH ON NORTH AMERICAN AQUACULTURE FACILITIES, Brian Dorr and Jimmy D. Taylor II

PREVALENCE OF ANTIBODIES TO NEOSPORA CANINUM, SARCOCYSTIS NEURONA, AND TOXOPLASMA GONDII IN WILD HORSES FROM CENTRAL WYOMING, J. P. Dubey, S.M. Mitchell, J.K. Morrow, J.C. Rhyan, L.M. Stewart, D.E. Granstrom, S. Romand, P. Thulliez, W.J. Saville, and D.S. Lindsay

EFFICACY OF ZINC PHOSPHIDE FOR CONTROLLING NORWAY RATS, ROOF RATS, HOUSE MICE, PEROMYSCUS SPP., PRAIRIE DOGS AND GROUND SQUIRRELS: A LITERATURE REVIEW (1942-2000), John D. Eisemann, Brett E. Petersen, and Kathleen A. Fagerstone

ACUTE AND CHRONIC TOXICITY OF COMPOUND DRC-1339 (3-CHLORO-4-METHYLANILINE HYDROCHLORIDE) TO BIRDS, John D. Eisemann, Patricia A. Pipas, and John L. Cummings

More on the need to get the basics right: population indices, Richard M. Engeman

Population Monitoring in Support of a Rabies Vaccination Program for Skunks in Arizona, Richard M. Engeman, Kevin L. Christensen, Michael J. Pipas, and David L. Bergman

LONGEVITY OF A WOODHOUSE'S TOAD, Richard M. Engeman and Melvin A. Engeman

A general model for predicting brown tree snake capture rates, Richard M. Engeman, N. Paige Groninger, and Daniel S. Vice

Monitoring predators to optimize their management for marine turtle nest protection, Richard M. Engeman, R. Erik Martin, Bernice Constantin, Ryan Noel, and John Woolard

Monetary valuation methods for economic analysis of the benefit-costs of protecting rare wildlife species from predators, Richard M. Engeman, Stephanie A. Schwiff, Henry T. Smith, and Bernice Constantin

An economic assessment of the potential for predator management to benefit Puerto Rican parrots, Richard M. Engeman, Stephanie A. Shwiff, Felipe Cano, and Bernice Constantin

AMOUNT AND ECONOMIC VALUATION OF FERAL HOG DAMAGE TO A UNIQUE BASIN MARSH WETLAND IN FLORIDA, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, Robert G. Severson, Mary Ann M. Severson, Stephanie A. Shwiff, Bernice Constantin, and Daniel Griffen

AMOUNT AND ECONOMIC VALUATION OF FERAL HOG DAMAGE TO A UNIQUE BASIN MARSH WETLAND IN FLORIDA, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, Robert G. Severson, Mary Ann M. Severson, Stephanie A. Shwiff, Bernice Constantin, and Daniel Griffin

Prevalence and economic value of feral swine damage to native habitat in three Florida state parks, Richard M. Engeman, Henry T. Smith, Stephanie A. Shwiff, Bernice Constantin, John Woolard, Mark Nelson, and Daniel Griffin

On analytical methods and inferences for 2 x 2 contingency table data using wildlife examples, Richard M. Engeman and George D. Swanson

Mitigating Impacts of Terrestrial lnvasive Species, Kathleen A. Fagerstone

Coyotes; Coyotes in Yellowstone National Park: the influence, Eric M. Gese

hlanagement of carnivore predation as a means to reduce livestock losses: the study of coyotes (Canis latrans) in North America, Eric M. Gese

Use of frightening devices in wildlife damage management, Jason M. Gilsdorf, Scott E. Hygnstrom, and Kurt C. VerCauteren

Fear and loathing: the modulatory affect of stress on memory formation and its wildlife management implications, Arla G. Hile

Using Color-infrared Photography and GIS to Quantify Cattail Coverage in Wetlands, H. Jeffrey Homan, Linda B. Penry, and George M. Linz

Using Color-infrared Photography and GIS Using Color-infrared Photography and GIS, H. Jeffrey Homan, Linda B. Penry, and George M. Linz

Spring distribution of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) following cattail reduction with glyphosate herbicide, H.J. Homan, G. M. Linz, R.C. Carlson, and W.J. Bleier

Pre- and post-harvest movements of female rice-field rats in West Japanese rice fields, Jens Jacob, Dale L. Nolte, and Rudy Hartono

Detection of West Nile Virus Infection in Birds in the United States by Blocking ELISA and Immunohistochemistry, Martine Jozan, Richard Evans, Robert McLean, Roy Hall, Basil Tangredi, Lisa Reed, and Jamesina Scott

Adult male emigration and a female-based social organization in swift foxes, Vulpes velox, Jan F. Kamler, Warren B. Ballard, Eric M. Gese, Robert L. Harriqson, Seija Karki, and Kevin Mote

EVALUATION OF GNRH CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINE IN CAPTIVE FERAL SWINE IN FLORIDA, G. Killian, L. Miller, J. Rhyan, T. Dees, D. Perry, and H. Doten

Direct Analysis of Plasticizers in Aqueous Samples by Atomspheric Pressure Chemical Ionization-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (APCI-MS-MS, Bruce A. Kimball, Thomas M. Primus, and John J. Johnston

CHEMICAL DEFENSE AND MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES, Bruce A. Kimball and Frederick D. Provenza

Live capture of denning mammals using an improved box-trap enclosure: kit foxes as a test case, Adam J. Kozlowski, Tim J. Bennett, Eric M. Gese, and Wendy M. Arjo

TEMPORAL GENETIC VARIATION IN A COYOTE (CANIS LATRANS) POPULATION EXPERIENCING HIGH TURNOVER, Christen Lenney William, Karen Blejwas, John J. Johnston, and Michael M. Jaeger

A coyote in sheep's clothing: predator identification from saliva, Christen Lenney Williams, Karen Blejwas, John J. Johnston, and Michael M. Jaeger

REDUCING BLACKBIRD-HUMAN CONFLICTS IN AGRICULTURE AND FEEDLOTS: NEW METHODS FOR AN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT APPROACH, George M. Linz, H. Jeffrey Homan, Linda B. Penry, and Philip Mastrangelo

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRING AND FALL BLACKBIRD ROOSTS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS, George M. Linz, Richard S. Sawin, Mark W. Lutman, H. Jeffrey Homan, Linda B. Penry, and William J. Bleier

Baiting blackbirds (Icteridae) in stubble grain fields during spring migration in South Dakota, G. M. Linz, G.A. Knutsen, H.J. Homan, and W.J. Bleier

West Nile Virus and Wildlife Health, Peter P. Marra, Sean M. Griffing, and Robert G. McLean

NWRC: Providing World Leadership in Science-Based Problem Management, J. Russell Mason

Cool Temperatures Elicit Reproduction in a Biologically Invasive Predator, the Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis), Tom Mathies and Lowell A. Miller

DEVELOPMENT OF A SYNTHETIC MATERIALS MIMIC FOR VULTURE OLFACTION RESEARCH, Richard E. Mauldin, Bruce A. Kimball, John J. Johnston, Jerome C. Hurley, and Michael L. Avery

THE EMERGENCE OF MAJOR AVIAN DISEASES IN NORTH AMERICA: WEST NILE VIRUS AND MORE, Robert G. McLean